Friday, May 31, 2019

The Effects of Agent Orange on Veterans of the Vietnam War Essay

Almost thirty years after the last troops were pulled out of what was thusly South Vietnam, its pictures are still felt in todays society. It is hard none to find someone whos life has not been affected because of this war. One of the most controversial decisions made in the war was to use chemicals to fight the enemy. The most boradly used chemiucal was called Agent chromatic. Some stack concord with the use of Agent Orange. They saw it as a very viable weapon that needed to be used in order to keep the communistic from taking control of South Vietnam and subverting their democratic government. Many others disapproved of its use. They knew, correctly, that it would severely devastate the landscape of Vietnam and would forever ruin the land for agricultural use. They also knew of the harmful effect it would have once adults and children came in contact with the harmful chemicals that form the chemical make up of Agent Orange. Once the first bombs carrying Agent Orange were dropped in that location was no going back. For some people the use of Agent Orange changed their whole opinion of the war and what we were really fighting for. Pictures showing burns and reproach were soon to hit the presses. Once the American public could see exactly what was happening and how the civilian life was being treated impacted many an(prenominal) people so much that they could no longer support what the United States was doing over in Vietnam. The goal of this paper is to show how the use of Agent Orange changed many peoples perspective of the war in Vietnam.Why has the use of Agent Orange become so controversial? The Americans dropped the atomic bomb to determination World War II and did not have the backlash that it had, and still has, with Agent Orange. The ver... ...Ballatine Books, 1995.Schuck, Peter H. Agent Orange on Trial Mass unhealthful Disasters in the Courts. Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press, 1986.Shesol, Jeff. Mutual Contempt Lyndon Johnson, Robert Kennedy, and the Feud That Defined a Decade. New York W. W. Norton & Company, 1997.Spake, Amanda. The Healing Process is Far From Done. U.S. News and World Report 128 no. 17. 2000 39Uhl, Michael and Tod Ensign. GI Guinea Pigs How the Pentagon Exposed Our Troops to Dangers More Deadly Than War Agent Orange and Atomic Radiation. Playboy Press, 1980.Warwick, Hugh. Agent Orange The Poisoning of Vietnam. The Ecologist v28 no. 5. 1998 264-265.Wilcox, Fred A. Waiting For an Army To Die. Washington, D.C. Seven Locks Press, 1989.Young, Marilyn B. The Vietnam Wars 1945-1990. New York Harper Perennial, 1991.

Thursday, May 30, 2019

The Multitasking Generation an Article by Claudia Wallis Essay

Though there atomic number 18 some positive effects, the adverse impact of technology on education has been extraordinary. The technology community has worked hard to study useful technology into our classrooms, all with good intentions to broaden our knowledge. With these good intentions also came about unwanted side effects such as distraction and commotion in the classroom. I can clearly remember many of my teachers shout out at us to put our cell phones, iPods, and iTouch phones away especially during lecture and exams. The yelling was not without just cause, students cheated with their devices along with updating their Facebook pages during class too. Though being exposed to technologies like computers from an early age may piss given us the ability to do things more efficiently, technology has also made us less dependent on ourselves. Claudia Wallis, editor for Time, in her article makes known in The Multitasking Generation, That level of multiprocessing and interpersonal connectivity is now so commonplace that its easy to forget how quickly it came about. Fifteen eld ago, most home computers werent even linked to the Internet (63). There are many things that students are able to do on their computer that their parents arent even aware of or that the parents couldnt do themselves. My parents always tell of how looking through the librarys card catalog and searching for the books they needed only to find out that they have been taken out. Computers have allowed us to do many things faster for example, write much faster than a typewriter or pen and paper and correct typewriting errors without starting over. The computers and technology we now have makes it easier to almost anything and with technology so easily at your fingertips it o... ... there is no doubt that it will be use as an educational tool and just as there are concerns now, there will be concerns then. I believe that in the following years physical classrooms will be a thing of the past, with virtual classrooms becoming the norm. With these virtual classrooms there will be even more cause for concern, and if they do become the norm who knows what other sources of distractions there will be. There will always be technology as long as there are people whether for better or for worse and their advances will always be debated. Technology such as computers, iPads, and cell phones should be used modestly in the classroom. Using technology for everything during our daily lives hampers our own independence. To stay sharp minded in the classroom, people need to rely more on them and less on the technology that dominates their life today.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

Laws of Life :: essays papers

Laws of LifeEach contact with a human being is so rare, so precious, one should hold back it.(Anais Nin). This means that every person one comes in contact with has an influence on his liveliness. One should never forget the people who go out of their trend to be nice to them. Influences others have on my life are the most important details of my life. There have been many influences on my life, three of which cubicle out the most, my laws of life.One influence on my life is people. Miss Haferman is a person who has had a very considerable influence on my life. She was my first chump teacher. She was the most caring and dedicated teacher I ever had and she respected every student as an individual. On the other hand, she had a very negative influence on my life. She is the person who told me there was no Santa Clause, which ruined Christmas for me for a very long time. Another person who has had a great influence on my life is Mr. Robinson. He was my first band teacher. He is t he person who convinced me to join band, which helped me make many great friends and likewise made school merriment for me. He also taught me how to play the clarinet. Now, I love playing the clarinet and it could even get me a scolarship for college.Another influence on my life is happenings. Moving to Tennessee was an incident that was very influential on my life. One way it was influential was losing all my old friends whom I had known my whole life. They were a big part of my life and I still regret ever losing touch with them. Moving to Tennessee was also influential because I had to make new friends, and I became less shy and much out outlet. My friends in Tennessee and my friends in Illinois are very different, but they are all very great people. Another influential incident in my life is going to FCHS. Going to FCHS also caused me to lose some of my friends. Even though I lost those friends, I made many friends who are really nice. I also learned alot about who my real f riends are.Society has also had a great influence on my life. Princess Diana had a great influence on my life. One of the great things she did that influenced my life was when she auctioned seventy-nine of her dresses and donated the money to charity.

Two Kinds of Love in Movie Casablanca Essay -- Love Casablanca Movie F

Two Kinds of Love in Movie Casablanca In the movie Casablanca, directed by Michael Curtiz, two antithetical kinds of love are exposed. The love consanguinity between Ilsa Lund and Rick is a much passionate descent while the one between Ilsa and Victor Laszlo is more sketch. Love is composed of different feelings and because of that it can be expressed, as seen in Casablanca, in different ways. The Intimate Relationship Mind, a text by Garth J. O. Fletcher and Megan Stenswick, helps support that claim providing a scientific background on how love is shaped by those different feelings. It says that love is composed of three distinct and basic components that each represent evolved adaptations namely, intimacy, commitment, and passion (Fletcher and Stenswick 73). Those three components help shape different kinds of love. The first love relationship that is portrayed in Casablanca is the one between Ilsa and Rick. It is obvious that the relationship is a passionate one and that what they had was more of a fling, an affair, than a relationship that would last forever. That can be noticed by the lyrics of the song As Time Goes By, which is the theme song for their love You must remember this, A kiss is just a kiss, A sigh is just a sigh, The fundamental things apply, As time goes by.The lyrics basically mean that their love will not last long. That they may kiss and sigh as time goes by but one day it will be over and become a memory. There certainly is passion in Rick and Ildas relationship but it lacks the two other components stated by Fletcher and Stenswick intimacy and commitment. That is shown when Rick has his flashback from Paris. Rick ask... ... That is how Ilsa and Laszlos relationship was shaped, with higher levels of intimacy and commitment, and lower levels of passion. It is a relationship that would typically last. Casablanca does an excellent job in portraying two different kinds of love a passionate love and an intimate and committing love. Passionate love is requisite and a part of life but people need to immerse that a love based solely on passion does not last. An intimate and committing love is what will persevere and is what they need to hold on to. In the final scene Rick and Ilsa accept that their moment is gone, that they will be infract for life but will always have Paris. She then moves on to continue her relationship with Laszlo. That is the main message in Casablanca that you need to accept that passionate love doesnt last and embrace intimate and committing love.

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

Theories of Attachment: The Importance of Bonding with Infants and Todd

To infants, the world is a brand new experience lavish of new sights and sounds, and their pargonnts ar their starting time teacher who educates them about the new environment around them. In addition, they learn about their surroundings through touch which is an of the essence(p) part of the way infants observe this strange new world. Babies and toddlers learn about the way relationships are formed through becoming attached to their parents and bonding with them. Infants and toddlers dearest hugs, kisses, gentle caresses from their mom and dad as well as being sung and read to at night. Looking at parents bond with their children is a handsome display of love and affection between parent and child. Seeing their infant smile back at them and be happy when their parents walk into the room are signs of healthy attachment. In order for infants to feel arctic and secure they need to form a loving bond between their parents and caregivers. Healthy signs of attachment are eye cont act with parents, feeling secure when parents leave the room, feeling close to their parents, the infant or toddler is friendly, and is not afraid to explore their world without their parents. The first components of healthy attachment for children and toddlers are their ability to make eye contact with their parents and feeling secure when their parents leave the room. According to an article on Kidshealth.com it states that, Eye-to-eye contact provides important communication at close range (Bonding with Your Baby, 2011). The first face an infant sees is their mothers face. As a result, babies take cues from their mothers and fathers facial expressions and feel safe when they are in their parents arms. According to an article in the Encyclopedia of Childrens Health it ... ...en they have loving parents who will protect them from the dangers in the world.Works CitedBrotherson, S. (2006). Keys to building attachment with young children. Retrieved from http//www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/y f/famsci/fs631w.htm n/a, . (2011). Bonding with your baby. Retrieved from http//kidshealth.org/parent/pregnancy_newborn/communicating/bonding.htmln/a, . (2011). Attachment between infant and caregiver . Encyclopedia of childrens health. Retrieved July 31, 2011, from http//www.healthofchildren.com/A/Attachment-Between-Infant-and-Caregiver.htmln/a, . (2011). Different types of parent-child relationships. Retrieved from http//www.athealth.com/consumer/disorders/attachment.htmlPerry, D. (2011). Attachment the first core strength . Retrieved from http//teacher.scholastic.com/professional/bruceperry/attachment.htm

Theories of Attachment: The Importance of Bonding with Infants and Todd

To infants, the world is a brand radical experience full of new sights and sounds, and their erects are their early teacher who educates them slightly the new environment around them. In addition, they learn about their surroundings through touch which is an important part of the way infants observe this strange new world. Babies and toddlers learn about the way relationships are formed through becoming attached to their parents and bonding with them. Infants and toddlers love hugs, kisses, gentle caresses from their mom and dad as closely as being sung and read to at night. Looking at parents bond with their children is a beautiful display of love and affection between parent and child. Seeing their infant smile back at them and be happy when their parents walk into the room are signs of healthy attachment. In order for infants to feel estimable and secure they need to form a loving bond between their parents and caregivers. Healthy signs of attachment are eye contact with p arents, feeling secure when parents advance the room, feeling close to their parents, the infant or toddler is friendly, and is not afraid to explore their world without their parents. The first components of healthy attachment for children and toddlers are their ability to build eye contact with their parents and feeling secure when their parents leave the room. concord to an article on Kidshealth.com it states that, Eye-to-eye contact provides meaningful communication at close range (Bonding with Your Baby, 2011). The first face an infant sees is their mothers face. As a result, babies take cues from their mothers and fathers facial expressions and feel safe when they are in their parents arms. According to an article in the Encyclopedia of Childrens Health it ... ...en they have loving parents who will protect them from the dangers in the world.Works CitedBrotherson, S. (2006). Keys to building attachment with young children. Retrieved from http//www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/yf/fams ci/fs631w.htm n/a, . (2011). Bonding with your baby. Retrieved from http//kidshealth.org/parent/pregnancy_newborn/communicating/bonding.htmln/a, . (2011). Attachment between infant and caregiver . Encyclopedia of childrens health. Retrieved July 31, 2011, from http//www.healthofchildren.com/A/Attachment-Between-Infant-and-Caregiver.htmln/a, . (2011). Different types of parent-child relationships. Retrieved from http//www.athealth.com/consumer/disorders/attachment.htmlPerry, D. (2011). Attachment the first onus strength . Retrieved from http//teacher.scholastic.com/professional/bruceperry/attachment.htm

Monday, May 27, 2019

EYMP3 3.2 welfare and welbeing Essay

EYMP3 3.2Health visitor works with the family will visit a nestling at home as well as see them at the clinic, they will record the childs weight and height and carry out age milestone checks on the child. If the health visitor has any concerns they would thence refer to the GP They would likewise give advice to the parent/carer or any information that they have. GP would normally be the first port of call, they will supervise and keep all records of the health of a child, also give advice to the parents/carer and or make referrals if required. Speech therapist They champion child with speech, language and communication difficulties, they also give advice to parents/carer, pre-school and schools 2 Examples of professional advice for promoting the wellbeing of children and families Dentist Regular check-ups and gives advice on how to keep teeth and gums healthy, cut down on sugary food and drinks, refined teeth every day morning and night and after every meal.Change 4 life ( www.NHS.uk/change 4lifechildren earlyyearsprovider For early years providers you can undertake up as a local supporter, get regular news letters about campaigns and materials, as a childcare professional you can affair up with the local community which puts you in a great position to spread the word Change4life. Good habits are picked up early and a child will became used to eating healthy and nutritious snacks between meals every day as well as being active and have a great chance of becoming a healthy youngster enjoying a healthy life. To reap the rewards you can down load free posters and booklets that help you to help the children aged 2 5 years including games and activities that they can play on line to become more active and eat healthy food.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Brave New World And 1984

Although many similarities exist between Aldous Huxleys A Brave New World and George Orwells 1984, the kit and caboodle books though they deal with similar topics, are more dissimilar than alike. A Brave New World is a novel about the struggle of Bernard Marx, who rejects the tenants of his rescript when he discovers that he is not truly happy. 1984 is the story of Winston who finds forbidden love within the hypocrisy of his society. In two cases, the main character is in pacify rebellion against his government which is eventually found to be in vain.Huxley wrote A Brave New World in the third person so that the ratifier could be allotted a more comprehensive view of the activities he presents. His characters are shallow and cartoon-like (Astrachan) in order to better reflect the society in which they are entrapped. In this society traditional notions of love and what ideally should come out of it have long been disregarded and are now despised, Mother, monogamy, romance. High s purts the barrage fierce and foamy the wild jet.The urge has but a single outlet. (Huxley 41) The comparison to a wild jet is intended to demonstrate the inherent dangers in these activities. Many of the Brave New Worlds social norms are intended to save its citizens from anything unpleasant through depriving them of the opportunity to miss anything overly pleasant. Soma, the witching(prenominal) ultimate drug is what keeps the population from revolting. What you need is a gramme of soma All the advantages of Christianity and alcohol none of their defects. The drug is at the forefront of their daily lives providing license Superczynski 2 from life historys every ill.The word comes from the Sanskrit language of ancient India. It means both an intoxicating drink used in the old Vedic religious rituals there and the plant from whose juice the drink was made- a plant whose true identity we dont know. (Astrachan) The drug is used as a form of recreation, like sex, and its use is e ncouraged at any opportunity, especially when great emotions bring forth to arise. They are conditioned to accept this to calm and pacify them should they begin to olfaction anything too intensely. The conditioning also provides them with their place and prevents them from participating in social activities which they neednt take part in. (Smith)Class consciousness which Americans are so reluctant to acknowledge is taught through hypnop? ia (the repetition of phrases during sleep akin to post hypnotic suggestion) for all social classes These names are letters in the Grecian alphabet, familiar to Huxleys original English readers because in English schools they are used as grades- like our As, Bs, etc. with Alpha plus the best and Epsilon subtraction the worst. In Brave New World, each names a class or caste. Alphas and Betas remain individuals only Gammas, Deltas, and Epsilons are bokanovskified. (Astrachan) The conditioning is begun at an extremely junior age and is by modern real-world standards cruel, AThe screaming of the babies suddenly changed its tone.There was something desperate, almost insane, about the sharp spasmodic yelps to which they now gave utterance. (Huxley 20) The childrens Pavlovian conditioning with galvanizing shocks is later compared to the wax seals which used to grace the seams of letters (Astrachan), Not so oft like drops of water, though water, it is true, can wear holes in the hardest granite rather, drops of liquid sealing-wax, drops that adhere, incrust, combine themselves with what they fall on, till finally the rock is all one scarlet blob.The entire society is conditioned to shrink away from intense emotion, engage in casual sex, and take their pacifying Soma. In 1984, a first-person book partly narrated by the main characters internal dialogue, the great party leader is monumental familiar, a fictional character who is somewhat more imposing than Ford, of Huxleys book, named after the industrialist Henry Ford (Astr achan).The main character Superczynski 3 Winston fears Big Brother and is much more aware of his situation than any of the characters in A Brave New World who are constantly pacified by soma. In A Brave New World history is ignored completely whereas in 1984 it is literally rewritten in order to suit the present. The role of science in both books is extensive and complicated. 1984s telescreens cannot be turned off, as A Brave New World has feelies, an advancement on talkies which added sound, feelies add tactile senses to a film as well.Science and human progress is not acknowledged in A Brave New World (Smith) excepting when it increases consumption, whereas it is twisted with ironic titles in 1984, They were homes of the quartet Ministries between which the entire apparatus of government was divided the Ministry of Truth, which concerned itself with news, entertainment, education, and the fine arts the Ministry of Peace, which concerned itself with war the Ministry of Love, whic h maintained law and order and the Ministry of Plenty, which was responsible for scotch affairs.Their names in Newspeak Minitrue, Minipax, Miniluv, and Miniplenty. (Orwell 8) The God (Ford) of A Brave New World encourages production and consumption of shallow objects to complement the shallow minds of its citizens. 1984 was written as a warning against the results of having a totalitarian state. Winston bears the blunt of his mistakes, the crime of individuality and dissention. A Brave New World is as much a satire on the reality of today (the reality of Huxleys day) as it is a novel about the future.ANeil Postman warned Awhen a population turns distracted by trivia, when cultural life is defined a s a perpetual round of entertainments, when serious public conversation becomes a form of baby talk, a people become an audience and their public business a vaudeville act, then a nation finds itself at risk cultural death is a clear possibility. (Kruk) Huxley seems to feel that societ y is progressing toward a materialistic and superficial end, in which all things of real value, including the relationships which make people human, will be quashed.The two works vary greatly, A Brave New World is the Huxleys expression of fear that mankind will create a utopia by way of foregoing all that makes life worthwhile. Orwells work rings more sharply of secret police paranoia. Indeed, Winston is taken to room 101, while Superczynski 4 Bernard is merely transferred to an uncomfortable location. The hypocrisy is much more evident within A Brave New World as well, owing to the controllers having had a son.Both books forewarn of a day when humankind might fall slave to its own concept of how others should act. The two books ask not whether societies with stability, pacification, and uniformity can be created, but whether or not they are worth creating. It is so often that one wants something and in wanting romanticizes it, thus bringing disappointment when the end is finally o btained. They serve as a reminder that it is necessary to have pain to compare with joy, defeat to compare with victory, and problems in order to have solutions.

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Ageplay

Gentry, Kristin Jennifer Cherry English 101. 04 Spring 2012 Age incline Emotionally Gratifying, Socially Taboo Ageplay, or the often versedly- taboo act of region playing, where one consenting adult someoneifies a minor child, while the other servicings as a c artaker for the minor child, is a highly general phenomenon that shocks and perplexes many a(prenominal), only serves as profound emotional fulfillment for those who participate in the life historystyle. Throughout the following p develops it is my intent to explore the many scenes of climb on play and especially dissect, with integrity, the why behind this unique subject matter.Overwhelmed with a wealth of information, I puddle broken down the subtopics, for convenience and ease in reading. I discombobulate bodied a variety or research sources varying from throws written by esteemed sexologists to personal interviews from fester players right here in the community. To protect their personal identity some grow chosen to anonymously contri neverthe slighte to the paper while others have allowed me to use and alias. What is this long time play thing all well-nigh? Ageplay is eccentric person of mapping playing mostly practiced amongst the kink community.In some cases, ageplayers will limit sceneing or play to the vanilla world, sexless(prenominal), or seemingly blase, 9-5, mundane life, but, it is remote less frequent than the cozyly- driven alternative. There atomic number 18 three common age ranges that be explored in this kink. The first is Adolescentilism, where a relationship is formed round a person who identifies as a young adult or high school aged person. Often, a naughty school girl deception falls into this category.Authors Gloria and William Brame and Jon Jacobs, educated Sexologists and experts in the BDSM bena, wrote about this in the shtupdid, wildly-popular book Different Loving The World of Sexual Domination and Submission. On page 129 it reads in this type of a geplay the partiality is ilkly of only temporary duration. capital of Minnesota Rulof, a lifestyle educator and conference presenter raises a good, supportive point in his writings that suggests why this might be true. On page 52 of his first book, he sheds a new perspective about this grouchy age range of role play.He nones the following The teenage years ar often ones of exploration of the self-identity, interactions with others, and many dissimilar experiences. Many firsts often happen during this time first kiss, first comptroller and first romantic fellow. The attraction of new and exciting events is most carely short- hold upd once those first experiences have occurred. When prompted during an interview, Draven, a Bloomington-Normal based Daddy had to opine this about the appeal of this age range. The naive instincts of a pre-teen appeal to the hero complex that most men possess. We analogous to be needed and especially when we mint offer our insight about sexua l disc all overy. I personally enjoy watching my baby girl grow emotionally and become a fragrancy young lady as a result of my influence. The next age group fetish mentioned in the trio-penned Different Loving was the Juvenilism range. This includes bittys who personify, or emotionally link up with 6-12 years of age.Punishment is a cornerstone of functionality in this age range. Littles who identify as a juvenile are typically more sensitive and entreat with child(p) emotional care. Most littles who have a bratty, or disobedient streak, fall into this group, thus the frequency in punishment for these preteen boys and girls. Brame, Brame and Jacobs had this to adduce about unique, remedial punishment tactics for littles in this age range, The reboot figure may ask embarrassing doubtfulnesss about the submissives personal or sexual habits.By stripping away the submissives privacy, the dominant exposes not only the submissives system but also her inner nakedness and vulner talent. In some juvenilist scenarios the dominant role plays as the sexy guide. Surprisingly, despite the small amount of littles who fall into the pre-teen category, the Juvenilism age range is not the most popular. The last age fetish, Infantilism, or ABDLs (Adult Baby/Diaper Lovers), is the most commonly known age play fetish (Different Loving, p 137).This class of ageplayers is, by far, the most arguable and is what has been most depicted in the media, in documentaries, and even on reality figures since the 1980s when a Phil Donahue episode practically turned daytime television viewers inside out with discomfort. The episode featured an adult baby, his Mommy and clips of footage showing his daily routines as an ABDL. Visions of an adult willingly soiling himself or fully relying on another adult to feed him, when he was corporally capable to feed himself, shocked the studio audience, and home viewers, alike.Very young myself at the time, less than 9 years old, I had so many questions and the images burned into my memory, mostly from fascination and wonder. I was so very confused and yet, so afraid to ask my very fault take careing(prenominal) and cynical grandmother why everyone was yelling at this big baby and his Mommy. I filed the images away into the back of my mind and, on occasion, when I hear stories of superstition and discrimination surrounding ageplayers, that particular story comes flooding back to me.The controversy behind age play absolutely stuck me for over two decades. During my research for this paper I was surp mount upd to find that two of the interviewees, a couple, not involved in the lifestyle in any way, for the Brames and Jacobs book referenced the same Donahue show in their testimonial We dictum a Phil Donahue show about infantilism and were amazed at the outrage that some people felt up about infantilists, who are engaged in something completely innocent.They enjoy world in baby clothes and get a certain amount of satis faction from recreating their early puerility. Statistically, nobody knows whether its shape or not. The psychiatrist on the show was very clear on the fact that these people were doing nothing wrong. (p137) The experts who scripted Different Loving had this to say about this controversial group of littles Many D&Sers ( BDSM participants) express discomfort with infantilism, as well, perhaps because it is difficult to understand why someone would wish to be as helpless as and infant. (p137) History has taught us that anger and fear are products of ignorance. I believe that this is a solid explanation for the publics solvent to ABDLs in the media. The intolerance is most likely fuel, further, by the notion that most adult babies are typically of mannish gender, which contradicts, completely, the general standard of patriarchy in our society. Unfortunately, with minimal awareness and exposure I do not see a wave of acceptance and empathy any time soon from the groovyer population .Despite the ostracise talk about adult babies, and/or their caretakers, and the lifestyles that they lead, of the three categories, Infantilism offers one unique aspect that neither of the other two can offer. The ABDL model is the perfect erotic outlet for those that are afflicted with disabilities that affect fine and gross motor skills and mobility, as well as neurological conditions that may affect the cogency to control bodily functions.In all age ranges the caretaker will make decisions and approach their relationship with their little as they would a person who is biologically the age that their little feels. This includes physical and emotional care. In my observation of a social setting, where several couples were ga in that locationd for a kinky birthday party for a local Daddy, I saw first-hand how this plays out between a top (the roleplayer of authority) and the supply ( the role player with the to the lowest degree amount of obvious power), or in this case, a Dad dy and his daughter.During the birthday party the little was smelling feisty and apparently a little bratty. oft like an over-stimulated, attention-seeking, sugary-cake-filled six year old would, the little aimed to be the magnetic core of attention and repeatedly was speaking over her Daddy and interrupting him as he attempted to make announcements about the food to his party guests. Excited, the little would bounce up and down in front of him in attempt to get him to listen to her not-at-all-related-to-birthday-cake story.Despite the Daddys firm verbal prompts to calm down and fully fueled by an adoring on-looking crowd, the little continued to be a nuisance. Finally, the Daddy grabbed the little by the arm, guided her to a nearby chair, firmly guided her bottom into the seat, bent over to her eye level and sternly ordered to her sit down, stop talking and to make no attempt to get up without his permission. It looked like a scene I have seen a million times myself as a parent and former preschool classroom assistant.The little was petite in stature and sported short, pink hair in a pixie styled haircut and natural looking make-up. It was certainly believable to the party attendees and understandably so. The little was acting like a typical child the age the same age of her inner little would act and her Daddy was acting like any loving parent would. For Bigs and littles, this relationship is not a scripted, fairytale-esque , theatrical experience. The bond between the pair and their interactions are easily solidified by a fascinating concept called headspace.Once a scene begins between a caretaker and a little, the reality and natural roles melt away and, almost like a person with multiple personalities, the emotions, thoughts, habits, preferences, and behaviors of the inner character surfaces and the person that they function as during their vanilla life dissipates, even if for a little while. It is very oftentimes trance-like in some cases, and almost always, in sexual scenes. In order to best understand what age play is all about there are cost that one should become familiar with.These terms are pivotal to communicating with those who identify as minors or caretakers. The lifestyle breeds a whole new language of its own and knowing the bank fosters a relatable nature when building trust amongst the kink community members. You will note new definitions and terms you have most likely not been introduced to introductory to the reading of this paper. For example, the most common term is a/the little, referring to the person who identifies as the minor.The term Big is intentionally capitalized, and can refer to the little when they are functioning as their genuine, or real life age it can also be used as a term to describe the caretaker, or counterpart to the little. Another popular word often heard in conversations about age play is inner little. This refers to the distinct feeling of be small, or younger, than ones true age , a separate entity, if you will, from who they are forced to be every day in their adult life. There have been great debates when it comes to phrasing the description of littles and their personal connection with their inner little.I recently surveyed a group of littles, in a discussion forum, online ( that shall not be named for the protection of the contributors), as to how they speak of their inner little. The great phrasing debate is typically split between themselves as having a little or being a little, while on a rare occasion, some will say that they are little. This particular description is the least common as very few people propensity, or are able, to live the lifestyle 24/7. When I posed the question How do you refer to your relationship with your little? in a discussion forum, open only to littles, I was bombarded with an avalanche of responses. After filtering through and reading the ample list of opinions over 50% of the littles speak of ownership of their little, as if their body hosts a shell for their little to live and safely surface when the need strikes. Slightly over 25% of the all-female responders would represent their little by saying I am a little , while the rest commented that they do not ever leave the feeling of being little therefore it is senseless to refer to it at all.Littles have preferences, much different than their Big (in this case I am referencing the vanilla person who hosts the inner little), in everything from hobbies, to fashion, to sleep habits, to comfort rituals, to sexual fantasies, to even how they talk, behave and relate to those some them. In most things ageplay when a debate arises, there is no consensus, as the ageplay community is still evolving. It is adaptable, based on personal preference and relationship history, to whatever extent the partners are comfortable with, in any facet that they so choose.There are no societal expectations with ageplay, as there are with traditional parent/child roles. The re are no social norms to rive to within the community. The world of ageplay is very pliable and the appeal is very transparent once you begin to take a close look at the logistics of ageplay. Who age plays? As someone who is rarely surprised by taboo or kinky concepts and radicals, I am generally taken back by the vicissitude of those involved in the ageplay community. No one is excluded from having unique sexual preferences and, certainly, no one is ever exempt from personal hurt and baggage.In ageplay, the egalitarian roles serve as unconventional, therapeutic tool for people from all walks of life. In my personal interviews and connections that were made with the local ageplayers I have met everyone from the college-educated, pre-med student all the way the racy collar, entry-level, fast food worker. Like profession or education level, other demographics do not limit who participates in such a lifestyle. I have met participants as young as 18 years old and as old as 72. Sexu al kinks and taboos are not dictated by demographics and age play is no exception.Why age play? The beauty in this way of life is that it is customizable to individual needs. As an aspiring sex therapist I find immeasurable worth in personalizing what works for healing old hurts and sorting through assist ups with the tools you have before you. If someone is to grow from their pain and rise above it the method has to be something they believe in and trust will work. With ageplay, both partners steer the ship, so to speak, and the whole intent is to do so with their partners well-being in mind.The caretaker, also referred to as the top, master, Daddy, Mommy, or Big, depending on those involved and to what extent they interact, parents the little with loving guidance and reassurance while the little fills a need to almost ego stroke their Big and construct a confidence and self-esteem boost within them. There is a mutual instinct, and a simultaneous bond between the two, that buffs out the unfulfilled emotional needs of each other and brings great joy and liberation from those wounds. During an e-mail conversation with Mr.Beck, a local Daddy and leader in the BDSM social scene here in Bloomington-Normal, Illinois , that I have had the fortune of befriending, I discovered that the why is a sensitive topic that some choose not explore for themselves. In response to a question asking if he thought there was a direct link between trauma and eroticism (a personal attempt to deconstruct Sexologist Gloria Brames surmisal on the matter, stating that there is no direct link ( Different Loving, p127) he responded as follows I believe that every form of sexual expression exists on a spectrum.Some people are gay with only one person. Some people are into the lifestyle only with younger people. So on and so on. There isnt a one size fits all with any form of sexual expression. There are littles working out issues, of course. I have been with a little who had been groped by her father but wanted to call me Daddy during sex. When I asked she was clear that her biological father and the Daddy figure of her fantasies were completely different people. I think that age play is, at the tenderness of it, about finding a role that makes sense and embracing it.There are kittens and experts are not rushing out to find out what role the family cat played in their upbringing. Those who are attempting to push age play out into the realms of the broken homes and disquieted minds are, in my opinion, wanting to push uncomfortable questions, about their own sexual landscape, out at arms length. This particular Daddy is what is called a 24/7 Daddy, or a Daddy who lives the lifestyle around the clock, at every opportunity. There arent many spaces where he would edit his terminology or interactions with his little. When questioned about his version of the why ageplay? He seemed to be passive aggressive in his response, and evasive to a complete, personal answer. I would say that he was defensive in his wording and not at all comfortable in examining his personal motivation for entering a relationship of the age play nature. For some members of the kink community doing self-reflective exercises unveils some scary and uncomfortable truths that are too intense in nature to comprehend and deal with. This is a common issue when looking at most taboo practices. Many age players share in Mr. Becks mentality mentioned in his interview.The idea behind move to understand the origin for the kink is usually respectable go with it and embrace itit is what it is. For those like myself and Paul Rulof, Chicago- based age play educator and Daddy, we believe that there is a certain, natural connection, through ageplay, to righting the wrongs of the past that children have no control over. Rulof speaks to this theory in his book Ageplay From Diapers to Diplomas when he wrote For many, ageplay is an opportunity to connect with an aspect of themselves that the y have forgotten or set asidesome people like to explore alternate models of who they could have been with ageplay. p. 65) As a researcher of this social phenomenon I am on the fence about making a claim that 100% of ageplayers are motivated by deep, unmet, emotional need. I would still say that the majority of ageplayers are gaining a sense of control over an area in their life that they felt they lost early on, but I wear downt ever care to categorize any group of people, in its entirety, and attach it to one label or judgment, no matter how concrete the prove is proving that the label is justified.Rulof listed some of his thoughts on the reasons why people partake of this lifestyle, some sexually motivated, some not. His reasons were listed, as follows, on pages 19-34, the biggest chapter in the book The participants get to * experience their childhood a great number of people have experienced childhoods that they look back upon as desirable or ideal times. Paul goes on to w rite that adult life can be viewed as boring and mundane, whereas childhood is generally the complete opposite. Mr.Rulof paints this point as an obvious inducement for ageplaying. (p19) * Rewriting their childhood For littles, rewriting or re-envisioning their childhood is one reason that ageplay might be appealing. However, ageplay is not simply a reaction to ones own childhood events. Some ageplayers own personal childhood or possible negative events may not influence their play much at allEveryone has something in their childhood that they would like to change disappointments, lacks, incompletion and missed opportunities. (p19) I felt that the author seems to have waivered in his stance on this particular justification, however, at a closer look, and full reading of his book, his claim strongly supports that point I mentioned earlier about how subjective this lifestyle truly is. certain(predicate) Some people do use the little part of themselves to mend the past through consci ous actions as an adult while others may focalise more on specific hurtful events and relationships. The third option is that ageplay benefits them in some way not at all linked to negative childhood experiences.This group of participants, I gather, based on my interviews, are the ones that are working to address something they would improve about themselves in their modern phase of life, be it confidence, the ability to connect with others, building trust in intimate relationships, mastering discipline and will power issues, or just filling a need to be neededwhich brings me to Pauls next theory for reasoning. * Practicing Caregiving When caregivers play, they are able to explore the naturally ingrained caregiving traits that they have. (p23) I view this as playing large up house, or maturing the favored childhood role play game to better hone in on nurturing skills in a less threatening way than what usually occurs in vanilla relationships. * Exploring Gendered Childhoods Esp ecially for transgendered individuals, ageplay provides opportunities to explore childhood experiences as the gender they feel more closely associated with and different than their biological sex. (p23) During my research I found a podcast whose subject matter is solely based on ageplay.One of the hosts, a lively and entertaining male, scenes, or role plays, as a female baby. Spacey, the host is one of three regular hosts of the show. He recently helped produce an episode of the podcast that completely focused on sissies, or male adults who roleplay as young, adolescent or baby girls. The guests on the show were two sissies, one of which who exercises his civil rights, even in instances of airport pat downs, to live his sissy life around the clock.The gentleman went by the name Sissy Stephanie and he spoke about some of the challenges he encounters living the lifestyle but felt that they emotional payoff is worth the attacks. The second guest, Bunny, talked about his transgendered ageplay and how his youthful, female persona serves as a mechanism to relate to others through a sweet and vulnerable personality, as his vanilla, male self struggles with connection, relatability and trust, typically. Taking Different Options Much like rewriting your childhood, this theory talks supports the idea that there are particular details in the ageplayers childhood that they would like to re-do. Paul writes, on page 24 For example, good girls can be tease, tramps, or hang out with the wrong type of guys. He went on to offer that some littles appreciate the chance to earn praise for poor or disappointing choices from their past, or even a shot at living on the wild side and pushing boundaries that were obviously unsafe to do as children, such as actually going with the creepy neighbor who offers little kids candy. Shrinking Childhoods This point was very interesting me, as I had never heard of such an idea about role playing as a minor, but Mr. Rulof wrote about how one m ight be dissatisfied with their timing of hitting developmental, social or emotional milestones in their childhood and ageplay offers them the a shot at restoring their self-image and confidence in their abilities. * Innocence the loss of a childlike innocence and becoming drop with the world seems to be a reoccurring theme with some ageplayers.The realization that there are not magical bases, fanciful creatures, and happy endings is difficult for some to accept. The desire to regain innocence and escape adult responsibilities could factor in to a desire for ageplay. (p25) * Relaxing and Enjoyable Page 26 of Paul Rulofs book highlights how ageplay encompasses the simplicity and carefree nature of childhood and how the escape from everyday adulthood is sometimes just enough reason, alone, to partake in a non-sexual form of age play. A combination of Popular Fetishes Paul, not only an author and educator, is a creator of CAPcon, Central Illinois premiere ageplay convention. He h as a wealth of knowledge on the subject matter and did fervent research, himself, while penning his book and the statistics he uncovered proved to be helpful in supporting this point. Page 27, in Ageplay, describes how this form of role playing is be 51st, out of the 100 top favored fetishes. Three of the main components that make for good role play are fetishes in themselves and were also ranked on the top 100 list.Upon reaching out to Mr. Rulof, I discovered that his statistics came from a kinky social networking site, much like Facebook it is a hub, the high ground, for those in the kink community at large. The site listed role-play itself as the 23rd most popular fetish, followed by cuddling in 81st place and costumes barely squeezing in under the 100 mark as the 92nd most practiced kink. These items were ranked in order based upon serving as the number one kink choice for the site members. For example, Mrs.Smith may like to be spanked during intercourse but being bitten is her favorite fetish so frosty would have been her vote. This supports how well age play involves three majorly ranked fetishes, out of thousands, literally, and wraps them up into one kinky, therapeutic ball of goodness. * Enhancing Roles Ageplay presents a different mental material through which you can view your partners or others. Paul wrote for three pages examples that show how a dominant personality or a submissive personality can flourish in this type of role play.People who may not typically be drawn to this type of play just may participate because of the ability to fine-tune egalitarian roles in this medium. * Filling Psychological Needs I am a huge fan of how the author referenced Maslows power structure of Needs to prove, what I personally see as the greatest motivator for role playing as a Big or little. There are essential human physical and emotional needs that humans require fulfillment of to develop in a healthy and productive fashion. Much like ageplay, there is a parallel between the progression of human development from birth to adulthood and beyond.Many ageplayers will identify with multiple ages and, depending on their mood, require different things from their caregiver. Often, littles will not morph, for a lack of a better term, into a different age until they feel satisfied with their needs being met at their current age. In Maslows model, humans cannot progress or develop in the natural way without having their basic needs met at their current stage in life. * Playing with the Taboo This idea hones in the basic human calling to be rebellious, or go against the grain, if you will.There is something engrained in us, as a society formed from hunters and gatherers ages ago, that tugs at our moral compass and prods us to be daring and bold and to break the mold of what is socially acceptable. Men especially are often deduced to a walking set of procreating DNA who lack in the ability to make ethically-upstanding choices without challenge . This set up allows all role players to abandon what is socially acceptable and what is defined as normal and escape to a place where it is ok to break the rules and enjoy it. Fetishes -Different from the supporting point earlier that highlighted similarly ranked fetishes, this last reason speaks to the flexibility for exploration into other, new kinks, that ageplay allows. Because of the disciplinary aspects of ageplay there are countless punishment-based fetishes that could be brought into a scene, as well breast-feeding, diapering, play date, schoolgirl, dollification, and many, many other adjacent fetishes for those who wish to dabble in new sexual discovery.Ageplay is often a starting point for kinksters who wish to slowly introduce themselves to harsher, less nurturing-based fetishes. Though the BDSM pioneer took a seminal approach in analyzing the logic and motivation behind sceneing with ageplay principles, is all truly speculation and the reasoning varies for each individ ual. In addition to varied gains between top and bottom roles, personal needs manifest from each role player, independently, and there rarely a clear understanding of why this is such a comforting, natural expression for anyone.The reasons for entering this lifestyle can be many and completely askew, much like rewards. The Power reciprocation Book series, written by Dr. Bob Rubel, includes a book about ageplay. The Doctor shared first-hand accounts and experiences from fellow ageplayers that he interviewed during his research for the literature. The most profound and beautifully moving words were from a woman who goes by Bethie Hope O. . On page 70, the next to last page of the book, these words were composed what following her heart and investing in her Daddy has added to her life I remember the first few times I visited my Daddy, looking at him or being around him, or even just talking to him on the phone felt like someone was shining a light into the world that was not there bef ore. It was like the world was covered in clouds all the time and when he was around the clouds parted and the sun came out and shone down on everything and I felt warm. I remember the days before my Daddy like a kind of dream, and really, that is how I lived, like I was sleepwalking. I got by, but I did not thrive. Now I feel like I truly live, like the sun is shining on me all of the time.Part of the reason for that is because Ive learned so much about myself and Ive found the freedom to just be me, and to do what makes me happy. Part of the reason is my Daddy and how he is with me and how he makes me feel. Part of it is how I love him and how loving someone so much makes me feel. People seem to think that its an unhealthy thing to have such strong attachments to just one person and maybe it is but my Daddy is my everything. He is my Daddy, my Master, My partner, my best friend, my confidant, my loverI love him as if I were bore from his own body

Friday, May 24, 2019

Relationships Among Service Quality

Relationships among return prize, Image, Customer enjoyment and Loyalty in a Hong Kong Franchised stack Company Iris M. H. Yeung* Abstract Market sh argon of franchised agglomeratees in Hong Kong decreases since 2004 irrespective of increase in return flavor as report by shot and Lo (2010). This paper investigates how suffice theatrical role, doubling, rapture and dedication are related to gain insight on the decreasing market share problem based on selective info collected from passengers of a franchised double-decker company in Hong Kong in 2004.The geomorphologic equation modelling results support the hypothesis that (1) expediency shade affects happiness and image directly, (2) image affects over every(prenominal) gaiety and the true directly, and (3) boilers suit expiation affects inscription directly. However, the results do not support the hypothesis that value feature affects loyalty directly. returns superior has only indirect effect on loyalty thr ough image and boilersuit bliss. So even though the service quality whitethorn be increasing, the indirect effect of service quality on loyalty is not adequate to increase market share.Keywords image, loyalty, public delight, satisfaction, service quality, structural equation model. Field of Study Customer divine service and Customer Relations Introduction In Hong Kong, public transport is the dominant transport mode, accounting for near 90% of daily passenger journeys over the past 10 years (Transport Department (1999, 2003)). Public transport comprises railways, franchised private instructores, public light buses, taxi service, non-franchised bus operate for residents, ferries, railway feeder buses, and peak tramways.Among these modes, railways and franchised buses play an important role, carrying over seven million passenger journeys per day, or approximately 70% of the total public transport patronage (Transport Department (19952010)). Market share of franchised buses is ge nerally higher than that of railways. In 2002, market share of franchised buses peaked at 39. 8%, whereas market share of railways at the sequence was a mere 32. 3%. However, with the opening of new rails, market shares of franchised buses and railways were 32. 4% and 38. 8% respectively in 2010.Other than competition from other modes, franchised buses compete with severally other as well for the operating right of new bus routes. Moreover, the franchise can be terminated based on poor performance. Thus, service quality is essential to maintain market share and increase pro becomeability under fierce competition. Iris M. H. Yeung , Department of Management Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon,Hong Kong, Tel. + 852-3442-8566 Fax + 852-3442-0189, e-mail address emailprotected edu. hk (I. M. H. Yeung) YeungIn fact, quality of services for both railways and franchised buses has continuously improved over the past years. Using Mass Transit Railway (MTR) and Ko wloon Motor mass express (KMB) as references, Tang and Lo (2010) commented that the quality of rail and bus service provision improved from 1984 to 2004, particularly in damage of service supply and based on technical measures such as vehicle-kilometre per capita and real fare increase rate. However, market share of franchised buses, including KMB, started to drop since 2004 irrespective of increase in service quality as reported by Tang and Lo (2010).As passengers decide on which transport mode to take, this paper investigates how service quality, image, satisfaction and loyalty are related in ensnare to gain insight into decreasing market share problem from passengers? perspective. In line with Tang and Lo? s instruct, the analysis is based on a data set collected from passengers in 2004. Further, among all the franchised bus operators in Hong Kong, KMB has the longest history and is currently the largest, occupying approximately 70% of the franchised bus share in Hong Kong. T hus, KMB? quality of service affects many an(prenominal) people in Hong Kong it is of interest to a large share of the population and therefore merits investigation. The remainder of the paper is organized as fol smalls. sectionalisation 2 presents the literature review of the four prepares and the look hypothesis of the proposed structural model. Section 3 describes the research methodology. The results of exploratory means analysis (EFA), corroborative mover analysis (CFA) and structural equation model (SEM) are provided in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 presents the concluding remarks with limitations of the study and suggestions for future research directions.Literature Review Service quality Parasuraman et al. (1985, 1988) create the SERVQUAL instrument, which consists of 22 attributes under five distinct dimensions (i. e. , reliability, assurance, tangibles, empathy, and responsiveness). They defined service quality as the difference or gap between customers? expectatio ns and comprehend performance and proposed to use gap scores to measure service quality. Despite the widespread use of SERVQUAL in various industries and countries, some scholars such as Brady et al. (2002), Cronin and Taylor (1992, 1994), Zhao et al. 2002) reported that service quality is more accurately assessed by the percepts of quality rather than the gap? scores. Another criticism on the SERVQUAL instrument is that the 22 associated attributes have been deemed inappropriate, or that they cannot be simply adopted for measuring service quality in all service industries (Cronin and Taylor, 1992 Lai and Chen, 2011). According to Ladhari (2009), 30 industry-specific measures of service quality have been developed between 1990 and 2007 in different industries and countries. collective image Corporate image can be defined as the overall impression that is formed in people? minds about a firm (Barich and Kotler 1991). Some researchers thought that service quality affects image (See , for example, Ostrowski et al (1993), Aydin and Ozer (2005), Nguyen and LeBlanc 1998). Also, it has been reported that in bodied image can in like manner affect customer satisfaction and customer loyalty ( enter, for example, hart and Rosenberger 2004). 2 Yeung Customer satisfaction According to Oliver (1997, 2010), customer satisfaction is defined as a judgment that a crossroad or service provided a pleasurable aim of consumption-related fulfillment. Also there are two levels of individual consumer? satisfaction transaction-specific satisfaction and additive satisfaction. Transaction-specific satisfaction or encounter satisfaction is identified as a fulfillment response to a single transaction or encounter, whereas cumulative satisfaction is a judgment based on many occurrences of the same experience and not just one-time experience. For both cases (encounter satisfaction and cumulative satisfaction), satisfaction is both defined as an overall judgment of satisfaction or d ecomposed into satisfaction with performance or quality attributes (Cronin and Taylor 1992). Overall cumulative satisfaction is commonly use by researchers such as Mittal et al. 1999 and Spreng et al. 1996. Loyalty According to Oliver (1997 P3922010), loyalty is defined as a deeply held commitment to rebuy or repatronize a preferred product or service consistently in the future, thereby causing repetitive same-brand or same brand-set purchasing, despite situational influences and marketing efforts that have the potential to cause fracture behavior. There are two approaches to customer loyalty behavioural and attitudinal.Behavioral loyalty refers to a customer? s actual behavior to repeat purchases of products or services and urge on whereas attitudinal loyalty refers to a customer? s intention to repurchase and willingness to recommend. Attitudinal loyalty is more commonly used in many research studies (Loureiro and Kastenholz 2011) and relatively easy to measure. Relationships am ong perceived service quality, incorporated image, overall satisfaction, and loyalty There is much previous research exploring the quality-satisfaction-loyalty (QSL) relationship.It is generally believed in marketing and service industries that (1) soundly service quality results in customer satisfaction, (2) good service quality attracts customers and hence lead to customer loyalty and (3) high satisfaction level is likely to create customer loyalty. However, it has also been reported that satisfaction may not be adequate enough to lead to loyalty, though loyal customers are almost typically satisfied (Cronin and Taylor 1992 Cronin et al 2000). Furthermore, corporate image is also anchor to affect customer satisfaction and loyalty.Customers who develop a positive image towards a company will tend to have high customer satisfaction through a halo effect (see for example, Hart and Rosenberger 2004 Lai et al 2009). Hart and Rosenberger (2004) reported that image has a marginally si gnificant direct effect on customer loyalty, but a substantial effect mediated by customer satisfaction. Therefore, image can affect loyalty directly and indirectly. Based on the above literature review, this paper considers the structural model presented in telephone number 1. The hypothesis proposed in the model are given downstairs H1 Service quality has a significant, positive and direct effect on orporate image. 3 Yeung H2 Service quality has significant, positive, and direct effect on customer satisfaction. H3 Service quality has a significant, positive and direct effect on loyalty. H4 Corporate image has a significant, positive and direct effect on customer satisfaction. H5 Corporate image has a significant, positive and direct effect on loyalty. H6 Customer satisfaction has a significant, positive and direct effect on loyalty. Methodology Sampling and info Collection The target population of this study comprises purely KMB passengers.KMB has three main types of bus routes running through urban Kowloon, the fresh Territories, and crossharbour. Stratified sampling was employed to select the bus routes within each type of stratum urban Kowloon, upstart Territories, and cross-harbour. Passengers over 16 years old waiting at the bus blocks or stations to ride the selected bus routes and had ridden a KMB bus in the previous month were invited for interview. A total of 855 passengers were randomly selected to complete the questionnaire only 636 samples were valid and included in the analysis. Successful response rate was 74. %. To complete the questionnaire, passengers essential be waiting for the bus at the bus stop. It should be noted that passengers arriving at the bus stop and boarding the bus immediately with little or no waiting period are relatively difficult to interview. Thus, the questionnaire must be as short as possible to encourage response, taking into considerateness that respondents may easily lose their patience or may be in a hurry, a s well as the fact that buses may acquire during the interview. The time for conducting the survey was scheduled from 700 a. m. to 1100 p. m. n both weekdays and weekends to interview both peak-hour and non-peak-hour passengers. The interview was conducted in Cantonese in March 2004. Measurement and Data Analysis Based on a comprehensive review of the transport literature, detailed search on the printed materials and KMB Web sites, and results of focus groups, 15 attributes of service quality were derived. The order of these attributes in the questionnaire is as follows clarity of bus number design, bus route map, bus stop location, fare, discount, bus frequency, bus punctuality, bus service time, bus route coverage, travelling/driving safety, driver attitude (anything related to he driver other than driving such as politeness and friendliness, caring about the safety of passengers when they board get on or off the bus), bus cleanliness, seat design (such as comfort, seat layout, l eg space), air-conditioning, and bus stop information. Passengers? perception of the performance of service quality are measured by asking them to rate each service quality attribute on a satisfaction scale (1 = very dissatisfied and 5 = very satisfied). This type of measurement scale is used by researchers such as Huang et al. (2006), Lin et al. (2011), and Tam et al. (2005).The overall satisfaction, corporate image and loyalty are measured by a singleitem. Although the use of single-item measures may weaken the estimated relationships, such measures have been used successfully in many research studies (see for example, Bolton and Drew 1991 Bolton and Lemon 1999 Cronin and Taylor 1992 Brunner et al 2008 Mittal, Kumar and Tsiros 1999). As mentioned above, the questionnaire must be short enough to encourage response. Use of multi-item scales for overall satisfaction, corporate image and loyalty will mean longer questionnaire and may affect the response rate and overall reliability.Th erefore, single-item measures for these three constructs are considered adequate for this exploratory study. 4 Yeung Overall satisfaction is measured on a 5-point Likert scale with (1=very dissatisfied and 5 = very satisfied). As the respondents had ridden a KMB bus in the previous month, overall cumulative satisfaction is appropriate in this study. Corporate image is measured on a five-point scale from very bad to very good whereas customer loyalty is measured by the intention to increase ridership in the coming month on a five-point scale from definitely will not to definitely will.Repurchase intention and willingness to recommend others are two common indicators of loyalty. As Hong Kong people are already familiar with KMB and its service and hence it is less necessary for the respondents to recommend KMB bus service to others, so this study uses repurchase intention only to measure loyalty. In this paper, we conduct exploratory component part analysis (EFA), confirmatory eleme nt analysis (CFA) and structural equation model (SEM) to these data. Results and Discussion Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis Because two attributes bus route coverage? and bus stop information? have cross loading and low reliability problems, EFA is performed on the remaining 13 service quality attributes using principle axis compute extraction method and orthogonal rotation. The results of EFA on perceived service quality are shown in tabular array 1. Five factors with eigen prize greater than one are retained. The factors are labelled as follows. Factor 1 is highly related with bus punctuality, bus frequency, and service time thus, it represents reliability. Factor 2 is highly related with bus route map, bus number sign, and bus stop information thus, it represents bus travelling information.Factor 3 is highly related with seat arrangement, air-conditioning, and cleanliness thus, it represents bus environment. Factor 4 is highly related with fare and discount thus, it represents price factor. Finally, Factor 5 is highly related with driver attitude and travel safety thus, it represents driving or travelling factor. Cronbach? s alpha level for the five factors varies from 0. 658 to 0. 745, which are above the generally agreed lower limit of 0. 6 and hence suggesting high intimate consistency among the variables within each factor (Nunnally and Bernstein, 1994).The results of performing CFA on the perceived service quality scores are shown in Tables 2a and 2b respectively. All goodness of jibe statistics shown in the bottom part of Table 2a suggest that the measurement model for the service quality has a good fit to the data small ratio of chi-square value to degrees of freedom (2. 03) goodness of fit index (GFI), goodness of fit index adjusted for degrees of freedom (AGFI), Bentler? s comparative fit index (CFI), normed fit index (NFI), and non-normed fit index (NNFI) are greater than the threshold value of 0. and root mean square residual (RMR) and root mean square actus reus of approximation (RMSEA) are more below the threshold value of 0. 05. The measurement model for the service quality also has high boldness and reliability. Firstly, standardize factor loadings and t values of the factor loadings being significantly different from zero at the 0. 001 level support the convergent validity of all attributes. Further, as no(prenominal) of the correlation between the factors is greater than the square root of the AVE for the corresponding factors (see Table 2b), the perceived service quality scores demonstrate discriminant validity.Secondly, the composite reliability of all five factors exceeds the minimally acceptable value of 0. 6. Moreover, four out of five factors have variance extracted estimate (AVE) greater than or close to the threshold value of 0. 5. Only the bus environment? factor has an average variance estimate below the threshold value. However, this test is conservative. Therefore, as a whole, it c an be think that the perceived service quality scores have 5 Yeung good reliability. Five summated scales are created and used as indicators for the latent construct perceived service quality in the subsequent structural equation model.Structural equation model (SEM) A structural model is fit to the perceived service quality, corporate image, overall satisfaction and loyalty data according to the model structure given in Figure 1. The path between service quality and loyalty is found to be insignificant and dropped based on Wald tests. The goodness of fit indices for the revised structural model, shown in the bottom part of Table 3, suggest a good fit to the data small ratio of chisquare to degree of freedom ( 2), great values of GFI, AGFI, CFI, NFI, NNFI ( 0,9) and small RMR and RMSEA values ( 0. 05).The estimation results in Table 3 aim that both H1 (quality ? image) and H2 (quality ? satisfaction) are strongly supported, with standardized path coefficients of 0. 523 and 0. 386 respectively. However, H3 (quality ? loyalty) is not supported based on insignificant standardized path coefficient. It can be seen below that service quality has only indirect effect on loyalty through overall satisfaction and corporate image. So it indicates that high service quality is not adequate to create loyal customers for franchised bus company. The estimation results show moderate support for H4 (image ? atisfaction) with the standardized path coefficient of 0. 192 whereas weak support for H5 (image ? loyalty) and H6 (satisfaction ? loyalty), with the corresponding standardized path coefficients of 0. 105 and 0. 124 respectively. To summarize, the results support five out of six hypothesis (H1 H2, H4 H6). Furthermore, the magnitude of the support is strong for H1 and H2, medium for H4 and weak for H5 and H6. In terms of explanatory exponent, the model accounts for 26. 3% of the variance in overall satisfaction, 27. 4% of the variance in image and 3. 6% of the variance i n loyalty. In other words, he model has medium explanatory power for both overall satisfaction and image but low explanatory power for loyalty. The low explanatory power for loyalty may imply that there is not much guarantee that a customer with good perceived service quality, overall satisfaction and corporate image will be loyal and repeat purchase. The management should consider other factors that affect loyalty apart from service quality, overall satisfaction and corporate image. The direct, indirect and total effects of service quality, corporate image and overall satisfaction on loyalty is given in Table 4.It is interesting to see that corporate image plays a more important role than overall satisfaction in affecting loyalty, which are consistent with the findings of researchers such as Abdullah 2000. last Remarks EFA concludes that there are five factors behind the perceived service quality scores. According to CFA, the measurement model for this five-factor structure perfor ms well in terms of validity and reliability and hence five summated scales can be used as indicators for service quality in developing structural model. SEM supports the sequence service quality ? corporate image? verall satisfaction? loyalty. However, it is found that service quality affects loyalty only indirectly through overall satisfaction and corporate image. So it may explain why high service quality is not adequate to lead to customer loyalty. The table of indirect, direct and total effects of service quality, overall satisfaction and image on loyalty shows that corporate image has higher total impact on loyalty, as 6 Yeung compared with satisfaction. So to increase loyalty, better the corporate image of KMB in passengers? mind is more important than improving satisfaction.As the explanatory power of these three constructs (service quality, overall satisfaction and image) for loyalty is very low (3. 6%), it seems that efforts are still needed to increase loyalty through ot her means. There are several limitations in this study. The generalizability of this study is limited payable to three reasons. Firstly, this study used one single item only to measure overall satisfaction, corporate image and loyalty to reduce the burden of respondents and the time for the interview. For get along research, multiple-item scales are preferred so that their validity and eliability can be assessed through CFA. Also they may enhance the interpretation and prediction of overall satisfaction and loyalty. Secondly, the analysis is based on a survey data set collected in March 2004 when the market share of franchised buses such as KMB began to decrease. However, further study is necessary to examine whether the relationships among service quality, customer satisfaction, corporate image and customer loyalty change with time. Thirdly, the explanatory power for loyalty in terms of service quality, customer satisfaction and corporate image is low.Further analysis to investig ate the predictors of loyalty other than service quality, overall satisfaction and corporate image is needed. References Abdullah M, Al-Nasser A and Husain N (2000). Evaluating functional relationship between image, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty using general maximum entropy, Total Quality Management, vol 11, P. S826-9. Aydin S and Ozer G (2005). The analysis of antecedents of customer loyalty in the Turkish mobile telecommunication market. European daybook of Marketing, 39 (7/8), P910-925.Barich H and Kotler P (1991),A framework for marketing image management,, Sloan Management Review, P94-104. Bolton R N and Drew J H (1991). A multistage model of customers? assessments of service quality and value. , Journal of Consumer Research, 17 (March), P375-384. Bolton R N and Lemon K N (1999). A dynamic model of customers? usage of services usage as antecedent and consequence of satisfaction. Journal of Marketing Research, 36 (2), 171-186. Brady MK, Cronin JJ and Brand R (20 02) Performance only measurement of service quality A replication and extension.Journal of motorbusiness Research 5517-31 Brunner T A, Stocklin M and Opwis K (2008). rejoicing, image and loyalty new versus experienced customers. European Journal of Marketing, 42 (9/10), p1095-1105. Cronin J J and Taylor S A (1992). Measuring Service Quality A Reexamination and Extension. , Journal of Marketing, 56 (July) 55-68. Cronin JJ, Taylor SA (1994) SERVPERF versus SERVQUAL Reconciling performance-based and perceptions-minus-expectations measurements of service quality. Journal of Marketing 58125-131. 7 Yeung Cronin J J, Brady M K and Hult G T M (2000). Assessing the effects of quality, value and customer satisfaction on consumer behavioral intentions in service environments. , Journal of Retailing, 76 (2), P193-218. Hart A E, Rosenberger P (2004). Effect of corporate image in the formation of customer loyalty an Australian replication. Australian Marketing Journal, 2004, 12(3), P88-96. Hu ang YC, Wu CH, Hsu JCJ (2006) Using importance performance analysis in evaluating Taiwan medium and long distance. National Highway Passenger Transportation Service Quality 898-104. Ladhari R (2008). Alternative measures of service quality a review.Managing Service Quality 1865-86. Lai F, Griffin M, and Babin B (2009) How Quality, Value, Image, and Satisfaction Create Loyalty at a Chinese Telecom. Journal of tutoriness Research, Vol 62, pp. 980-986. Lai WT, Chen CF (2011) Behavioral intentions of public transit passengers The roles of service quality, perceived value, satisfaction and involvement. Transport Policy 18318-325. Lin CN, Tsai LF, Wang PW, Su WJ and Shaw JC (2011) Using the expected importance and perceived satisfaction of tourists to construct indicators for improvement of resort hotel service quality.IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security 11P91-94. Loureiro S M C and Kastenholz E (2011), Corporate reputation, satisfaction, delight and lo yalty towards rural lodging units in Portugal, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30, P575-583. Mittal V, Kumar P and Tsiros M (1999). Attribute-level performance, satisfaction and behavioral intentions over time a consumption-system approach. Journal of Marketing, 63(2), p88-101. Nguyen N and Leblanc G (2001). Corporate image and corporate reputation in customers? retention decisions in services. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 8(4), P227-236. Nunnally Jr JC, Bernstein IH (1994) Psychometric theory, 3/e, New York McGraw-Hill Book Company. Oliver R L (1997, 2010). Satisfaction A behavioral perspective on the consumer. McGraw Hill, New York. Ostrowski P L, O? Brien T V and Gordon G L (1993). Service Quality and Customer Loyalty in the Commercial Airline Industry. , Journal of Travel Research 32, P16-24. Parasuraman A, Zeithaml VA, Berry LL (1985) A conceptual model of service quality and its implications for future research. Journal of Marketing 4941-50.Para suraman A, Zeithaml VA, Berry LL (1988) SERVQUAL A Multiple Item Scale for Measuring Consumer Perceptions of Service Quality. Journal of Retailing 6412-40 Spreng R A, MacKenzie S B and Olshavsky R W (1996). A re-examination of the determinants of consumer satisfaction. Journal of Marketing, 60(3), p15-32. Tam ML, Tam ML, Lam WHK (2005) Analysis of airport access mode cream A case study in Hong Kong. Journal of Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies 6708-723. Tang SB, Lo HK (2010) On the financial viability of mass transit using the case of Hong Kong.Transportation 37299-316. Transport Department (1995-2010) Annual Transport Digest. Government of the Hong Kong special administrative region. Transport Department (1999) Third Comprehensive transport study final report. Government of the Hong Kong special administrative region. Transport Department (2003) Travel Characteristics Survey. Government of the Hong Kong special administrative region. 8 Yeung Zhao X, Bai CH, Hui YV ( 2002) An empirical assessment and application of SERVQUAL in a Mainland Chinese department store.Total Quality Management 13241-254. 9 Yeung Table 1 Five-factor structure of perceived service quality scores and Cronbach? s Alpha (with attributes bus route coverage? and bus stop information? being deleted) Service quality Attributes Clarity of bus number sign mint route map Bus stop location advance Discount Bus frequency Bus punctuality Bus service time Bus route coverage (NA) Travel safety Driver attitude Cleanliness Seat arrangement Air-conditioning Bus stop information (NA) Factor 1 Factor 2 0. 632 0. 865 0. 449 Factor 3 Factor 4 Factor 5 . 777 0. 649 0. 652 0. 902 0. 407 0. 799 0. 551 0. 520 0. 780 0. 495 Eigenvalue 4. 11 1. 44 1. 27 1. 11 Variance (%) 31. 61 11. 08 9. 76 8. 52 Cronbach? s alpha 0. 745 0. 722 0. 658 0. 726 Overall MSA = 0. 797, cumulative variance explained = 68. 70%, communality = 6. 853 Root mean square residual = 0. 012, RMSP = 0. 024, Cronbach? s alpha = 0 . 816 1. 01 7. 73 0. 693 10 Yeung Table 2a Results of confirmatory factor analysis on perceived service quality Loadin g 0. 728 0. 795 0. 557 0. 751 0. 765 0. 736 0. 876 0. 535 t 18. 0 1 19. 7 3 13. 4 6 16. 3 16. 4 4 19. 0 0 23. 0 8 13. 2 8 17. 5 4 14. 7 9 Reliabilit y 0. 739 0. 530 0. 632 0. 311 0. 729 0. 564 0. 585 0. 766 0. 541 0. 767 0. 286 0. 703 0. 663 0. 426 Variance Extracted 0. 491 Bus information factor Clarity of bus number sign route map Bus Bus stop location Price factor Fare Discount Reliability factor Bus frequency Bus punctuality Bus service time Bus route coverage (NA) Driving factor Travel safety Driver attitude 0. 574 0. 532 0. 545 0. 814 0. 653 Bus environment factor 0. 663 Cleanliness 0. 677 15. 1 0. 459 9 Seat arrangement . 675 15. 1 0. 456 5 Air-conditioning 0. 531 11. 9 0. 282 2 Bus stop information (NA) Fit indices Chi-square = 130. 55, df = 55, Chi-square / df =2. 03 GFI = 0. 969, AGFI = 0. 949, CFI = 0. 966, NFI = 0. 943, NNFI = 0. 951 RMR = 0. 023, RMSEA = 0. 047 0. 399 Table 2b Correlation between factors for the measurement model on perceived service quality Bus information Price Reliability Driving Bus environment Bus information 0. 701 0. 451 0. 404 0. 474 0. 334 Price ? 0. 758 0. 453 0. 393 0. 340 Reliability ? ? 0. 729 0. 461 0. 438 Driving ? ? 0. 738 0. 519 Bus environment ? ? ? ? 0. 631 11 Yeung Table 3 Standardized path coefficients of the Structural Model Standardized parameter estimates 0. 566 0. 558 0. 641 0. 586 0. 503 0. 523 0. 386 -t-value Hypothesis Conclusion Independent variable ? Dependent variable Service quality ? Bus information Price Reliability Driving Bus environment Corporate image Overall satisfaction Loyalty Corporate image ? Overall Satisfaction Loyalty 9. 99 -10. 71 10. 19 9. 23 9. 4 6. 6 -1 2 3 Supported Supported Not supported 0. 192 0. 105 4. 26 2. 7 4 5 Supported Supported Overall satisfaction ? Loyalty 0. 124 2. 92 Fit indices Chi-square = 27. 7, df = 18, Chi-square / df = 1. 54 GFI = 0. 989, AGFI = 0. 978, CFI = 0. 988, NFI = 0. 967, NNFI = 0. 981 RMR = 0. 009, RMSEA = 0. 029 6 Supported 12 Yeung Table 4. Direct, Indirect and total effects on loyalty Direct Indirect -0. 105 0. 124 0. 115 0. 024 Total 0. 115 0. 129 0. 1240 Service quality Image Satisfaction Corporate image H1 Service Quality H4 H2 H6 H5 Loyalty Figure 1 Hypothetical Structural Model Satisfaction Overall H3 13

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Notes: Meaning of Life and Distinguished Indian Writer

R. K. Narayan (1906-2001) is one of the most famous and distinguished Indian writer in English. He had a fine insight into various aspects on the lives of the poor and the middle class people, evently in South India. He makes the dull and common place unconstipatedts more interesting and this essay is one such essay. In a writing career that spanned over sixty years, Narayan received many awards and honours. His writings are full of humour. In this essay he explains the advantages of business concern.A compassion for Mankind R. K. Narayan explains how botheration conferred on mankind as a blessing by a benign providence and as well as talks about the utility program of headache to avoid difficult situations. He later narrates an incident in his school life about the letter writing exercise, where his teacher employ headache as a cause in the specimen letter. He always wondered what made his teacher to select for headache as a cause even in a specimen letter.Later he talks ab out the action class during his school days and how students usually mentioned headache as an excuse for avoiding the drill class after the school hours. One day the instructor asked all the students suffering from headache to hold their arms. For many students it raised large hope. The instructor also added that he was going to give them some special exercise to cure their splitting headache. Not even a boy raised his arms. Thus the instructor put an end to that problem. Touch of ImportanceHeadache gives the sufferer a touch of importance because it can be mentioned in any social assembly and is well taken. No other pain can be so openly mentioned with freedom from punishment. Other aches sound crude and bad which can non be mentioned in publish and thus headache helps us to avoid many embarrassing situation. What is indisposition? Indisposition is a superior expression it can be used only by exalted people. R. K. Narayan was really concerned about finding the real meaning of t he word indisposition since it is very vague and confusing.He feels that he was not able to understand the meaning of the word indisposition except that it sounds very well in press notes or health bulletins or in messages from eminent men to gatherings to which they have been invited. It cannot be written directly and it will sound better in the third person. A gentlemen is an eminent one, has a secretary or a deputy who can speak for him. For example a gentleman regrets his inability to attend the meeting today owing to indisposition (sickness or unwillingness).People will understand and accept the statement and will not question the concerned person. R. K. Narayan wants to know the perfect meaning of indisposition. Is the concerned person down with influenza or malaria or cold or rheumatism (pain in joints and muscles)? He feels that the word indisposition could be used only at a particular level, not by all and if a school boy says As I am indisposed, I want to be let off, he wi ll have his ears twisted for his intelligence beyond his age. Headache as an excuseIf we openly say that we want to avoid the situation or an great meeting, people will get angry. No one has really got courage to tell that he/she is not willing to attend a meeting or a social gathering. The world is not yet ripe for such outspokenness and frankness. So we safely use headache as an excuse. At home, headache is used as an excuse to avoid many uncomfortable situations. The mother-in-law, who is angry with the daughter-in-law, uses it to avoid food. The son, who does not want to take his wife out, gives headache as an excuse.The boy, who has skipped his homework, claims headache in order to avoid his tutor and to send him back away. The cultured existence is not to interfere too deeply, but to accept the face prise as expressed by the speaker. Conclusion Headache has become a confirmed habit. Lots of medicines have been produced to cure headache, which people always carry with them an d feels uneasy without them. Opticians give glasses to cure and relieve headache. All these things prove that mankind easily begins to believe in myths.

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

Battle of Leyte Gulf

The thesis of this essay is to find out the important decisions, planning and action taken by the American and Japanese forces during Leyte disconnection operations, which was a major event of the Battle in World War II. The important events will be envisi wizd in the light of the Major strategic plan adopted for better use of the strengths of the forces by competent authority of both side of America and Japan.The fuck send off of the dispute and a brief history to commence major events like destruction of Pearl Harbor by Japans air forces, the damage of fate of Bataan Peninsula, the role of Philippines, their degrade of faith from Japanese due to defeat, etc.Will be estimated directly when considering the major achievements of General MacArthur and Admiral Nimitz during effecting of the Leyte Gulf operation The essay In the greatest history of mankind, the World War II has top most(prenominal) disgrace in terms of violence and the conflicts of the armed forces, where numerous innocent persons had to lose their animation due to the global political strategic plan for the preparation of military strength to show their power as fascism.The operational decisions, mainly of America and Japan, were much(prenominal) a thoughtful act to acquire the power on each other that can be remembered throughout the history of mankind if any much(prenominal) things happen in future. Among various operations happened in this World War II, the operation of Leyte was very much important as any battle that occurred in Pacific war. Japanese had not stopped even after destroying the Battle Fleet of Pearl Harbor and in December 1941, their forces continued their attack on the Philippines.Bataan Peninsula was knocked spile in April 1942, and in May 1942 General Wainwright along with remaining US forces and Filipino forces were bound to lay down their arms at Corregidor. After two and half year of descends of Bataan, allied forces commenced the recapturing of the Philippines with most important corridors on Leyte. The subject and effect of this war was mainly dependent on deal of the Philippines and the outlook itinerary of the war in opposition to Japan.Leyte, situated in the middle of the archipelago, was the central point, so the forces of Southwest Pacific controlled by General MacArthur and the forces of of import Pacific lead by Admiral Nimitz converge here to extort the Philippines from the seize of the rivals. General MacArthur had advantage of Leyte due to its reachable distance to other islands for the assume either by ground or air forces. Leyte was place were Japan would be forced to surrender in central Philippines providing launch pad for terminal attack against Japan.General MacArthur and Admiral Nimitz were dedicated to make use of the utmost resources at their authority (Reports of General MacArthur, 197-200). It was obvious that Japan would put its best effort with all its strength up to the eleventh hours to set aside the Philipp ines. But Japan was continuously facing onerousies to keep hold in the battle and before arriver the end of the year 1944, the situation of this nation was very much dangerous and frantic. Almost all the allies had contracted their hand from external fringe of her defense lawyers system.According to Reports of General MacArthur (197-200), They were now poised with their full power at the very threshold of her inner structure and if they should break through, the Homeland itself would stand dangerously exposed-an inviting channelize for the next invasion. Due to behavior of the allies and the inferior qualities of the forces of Japan in comparison to America, the war had reached to a decisive stage and only one defeat of Japan would lose all the glory of empire of the century.The inhabitant of Philippines had only one chance to offer to Japan for saving from the forces of General MacArthur. undoubtedly the Japanese forces came with all its strength and efforts to face the invasi on of America. Japanese were aware with the fact that if the Philippines were defeated then there were no any chances to be in the war and the war was also lost consequently. Henceforth, they prepare a destructive plan risking their left behind surface forces offering Philippines a distant surmisal of demolishing the American assault fleet and separating the Allied forces on ground on Leyte.This plan was mainly reliant on the use of decoy force, which was already, seek early as operational plan by Japan. Now Japanese carriers were prepared fully except it had no trained-aircrew, so the ships were chosen for playing the most important role of decoy. Vice Admiral Ozawa arranged four aircraft carriers together with other twelve ships from the North and siphon off the major American force. At the same time two more commanding battleship forces would infiltrate the Central Philippines and then congregate on the assault ship in Leyte Gulf.In the consequence of the combat against the Ame ricans for the Philippines, the Japanese had to invest a great deal in terms of battle force, finance and dignity in Leyte only to lose. In this consort they had to sacrifice four divisions and many distinct combat units. The naval force had also to lose major warships nearly twenty- cardinal full-fledged units along with cardinal great transportation and merchantmen. The land-based air capabilities were also diminished by nearly fifty percent and Japanese had to rely on only kamikaze pilots who act was whole suicidal. But America had to face mixed result due to this campaign.As the duration for this battle was not expected to be such long, so the island become difficult for the base of the army. Other set back like quite a lot of intelligence failures including the failure of MacArthurs headquarters failure to discriminate Japanese character to fight a crucial battle on Leyte, made the battle unexpectedly long. This causes less air force and naval force to cover the battle troo p and they could not prevent additional enemy troops to arrive at the position. This was a major drawback in planning and strategy of the battle by the American side.The valor shown by a Japanese soldier with full dedication in defensive war methods to use the difficult terrain for his own advantages and his commanders willing to sacrifice their life, cause difficulty in fighting any decisive war. When Admiral Halsey took the bait on 24th October in the afternoon, one of his search planes pronounced the Japanese Northern Force decoy convoy which were carrying four carriers faraway to the north of Leyte. Taking the attention toward this happening, Admiral Halsey commanded his whole third fleet into chase, he left Leyte Gulf in total exposure as Japanese had expected.By the next morning a heavy battle was fought at Cape Engano where Japanese Northern Force were lost to Halsey carrier planes of third involvement which also included battleships guns. To fight the main combat, Halsey h ad to return at Cape Engano leaving that battle. In The Battle of the Surigao Strait, the Japanese Center Force along with Southern Force, had survived the air combat in the night of 24th and 25th of October and motivated on their divided paths in the direction of Leyte Gulf and MacArthurs conveys and escort carriers. In The Battle of Samar Island, Kuritas Center Force, including the super battleships viz.Yamato and Musashi, fruitfully stirred through the constricted San Bernardino Strait, after that south down the east coast of Samar Island, situated northeast of Leyte, in the range of the Seventh Fleets softly targeted by dawn on 25th October 1944. In the Battle off Samar, the Japanese were conflicting by slighter, frivolously armored ships, which in principle had no counterpart for heavyweights of Kurita. The commander of Japanese Center Force, Kurita by mistake mum that he was betrothed with Americas Third Fleet carriers.Sprague took benefit of smoke screens and a rainsquall t o decrease the visibility of Japanese and accuracy of fire. All the engagement together were known as the Battle of Leyte constituting the biggest naval battle at the time of World War II in the Pacific. This may be regarded as the largest in any history till date. The Japanese had to lose more than twenty-six vessels of warships. On the other hand America lost only six battleships including five at the Battle of Samar, in this operations.References Reports of General MacArthur (197-200). CHAPTER VIII, THE LEYTE OPERATION. THE CAMPAIGNS OF MACARTHUR IN THE PACIFIC VOLUME I.August 2, 2009. http//www. history. army. mil/books/wwii/macarthur%20reports/macarthur%20v1/ch08. htm Morison, Samuel Eliot. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II Volume XII Leyte . (Little, Brown & Co. , Boston 1963) Fuller, Major-General J. F. C.. Decisive Battles of the Western World Volume 3 (Eyre and Spottiswoode, London 1956) Woodward, C. Vann. The Battle for Leyte Gulf (Macmillan & Co. , New York 1947) Clancey, Patrick.. Leyte-The U. S. Army Campaigns of World War II. HyperWar Foundation. August 2, 2009. http//www. ibiblio. org/hyperwar/USA/USA-C-Leyte/index. html

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

Health and Socail P1 Essay

P1 Explain potential hazards and the harm that may arise from each in a health or cordial cargon setting Relating to the fleshly environmentThe physical environment is everything that is around you, this includes 1. The building2. The subscriber line3. The temperature4. Objects5. People6. PetsThe physical environment has a huge impact on the staffs and soulfulnesss well-being. The spread of airborne transmittings argon increased when the ventilation is poor, airborne infections such as colds and influenza, so it is important to sop up fresh air circulating at solely generation in a health and social cargon setting, especially in elderly homes as elder citizenry tend to catch things more substantially as do younger fryren. Individuals should never be in a draught and should ceaselessly be warm enough. Older people, babies and people with disabilities find it harder to wait their body at an adequate temperature you should ever cater to their needs.Fumes and smoke should nt contaminate the air that should be clean. The ventilation should remove stale air and provide air movement. All the rooms in the environment should have central heating each should be able to be controlled to the specific temperature the individual wants.The lighting in each room should be bright enough and in a position for the individuals in the environment to read and participate in other activities. Emergency lighting should in any case be in place in case a light breaks or electrical problems occur it should love on if thither is a power failure. When the lighting is poor is shadow realise numerous problems and is hazardous to those who ar in that setting, it will affect those with a vision impairment, with people that have limited vision you should experience sure that they ar in a well-lit ara.EquipmentHazards from equipment could include* Untidiness e.g. toys, equipment left in corridors on stairs or blocking fire exits. * Poor maintenance, e.g. frayed wiring or b roken equipment * Unsafe practice, e.g. overload sockets or trailing flexes * Lack of sentiency of hazards, e.g. hot surfaces or lamentable parts All equipment moldiness work and function make uply it must be full maintained at all clips. This could include fire fighting equipment, hoists and medical diagnostic equipment such as ECG or x-ray machines, it is very important that these are checked on a regular basis for any faults because the individual could be wrongly diagnosed. Computers and laptops now play as an important role in the business exertion as they do in any other aspect of work. If they are positioned in an awkward place the individual shadow suffer from strain injuries, they nookie strain their vision if they have too much exposure to the screen, and incorrect sitting rotter rifle to neck strain and back pains. Anything they need should be in reach or this merchant ship cause them to overstretch and this could cause a fall.InfectionsYou should always get h itched with policies and procedures that are put in place they are they to keep you and others around you safe. If you do not follow them you could cause unnecessary harm to you, your colleagues or individuals in your work place. Babies and older people are at a much greater fortune of exposure of complications if they catch food borne infections, the incidence of MRSA in hospitals has highlighted the potentially devastating taboo rallys and effects of poor personal hygiene practices and over-prescription of antibiotics. On the national statistics website it shows that the number of deaths linked to MRSA in the UK from 1993 to 2006 rose to 1,625. But on the death certificates that mentioned it declined, and then in 2008 there was a fall of 23%. If the bacteria are on the skin then they can spread by touch, if it is in the nose or lungs then it can be passed on by droplet spread, by breathing or coughing over mortal. But if the person is healthy then when they leave hospital it ca n just disappear, this applies for people reinforcement with them if they are healthy special precautions dont need to be out inplace. If it gets into the bloodstream through a wound then it can cause serious illness such as1. Bone marrow infection2. Blood poisoning3. Septic shock4. Septic arthritis5. Meningitis6. Abscesses anywhere within the body7. Infection of the heart lining8. PneumoniaSubstancesThe hazardous waste does not stop after disposing of it as if his disposal of hazardous waste is not correct it could damage the health of all in the environment if not disposed of at all it can lead to infection and a spread of infection also. So when dealing with waste especially hazardous you has to make sure you depose of it correctly.Type of waste seek How to dispose of the waste Sharps (needles or syringes) Risk of getting an infection off a dirty needle All dirty needles must be out in a yellow box seat it can be small or large, it must be shut formerly its at its limit a nd it will not open once it has been closed. Clinical dressings Infection can occur Must be placed in a yellow box which must be sealed with arrangements of the collection. personify fluid (blood, urine, dejection, vomit. A risk of infection When cleaning up any of the waste you have to picture gloves are worn it must be rosy-cheeked down the toilet and then the toilet must be disinfected and if it was on the floor, disinfect where the waste was. Soiled linen Another risk of infection They must be out in the special laundry bags which disintegrate when being washed.There are a number of substances used in health and social sell settings that are hazardous if misused. Cleaning fluids, medications and x-rays are allexamples of substances found in health and social care settings. Chemicals can cause burns to the throat and oesophagus if sw giveed by accident. Care should be taken at all times when administrating medication as it could be given to the wrong person which could lead to them suffering, or something as simple as the wrong dose. This type of mistake can have a devastating result for example in 2005 2 nurses miscalculated the dose of a drug needed to slow down a baby boys heart rate. He was given 10x the dose and he died.Hazardous work conditionsWorking conditions are aspects of your job, the hours that you work, the staffing levels and the staff relations. Even though we have tried to improve in the quality of health and social care as a result of regular inspections there are still with staff turnover and staff shortages this can lead to the staff rushing what they are doing with results in them ignoring the policies and procedures, this can lead to a risk of injury or accidents.Pay rates are low for early years workers and health and social care assistants, they are often only paid the minimum wage this can make people savor undervalued and make them less likely to follow policies and procedures.When there are staff shortages it can caus e staff to be expected to do overtime, being a care worker or being in care work is physically and mentally demanding and too much of it is likely to cause staff to not perform to the best of their abilities, the more tired the staff are the more likely they are to make mistakes like miscalculating medication does, they will be less spirited which could lead to them missing a sign that someone is ill. Stress is another reason of staff shortages, stress can be shown in some different ways people suffer from worry, sleep problems, digestive disorders, high blood pressure, and mood swings. None of these are good for a member of staff to be suffering with, it can lead to all sorts of problems in the health and social care setting. The vacancy rates for health and social care are higher than any other employment sectors in England, many care homes cannot recruit sufficient staff, and the shortages of staff havean impact of the quality of care given to those in the environment.Hazardou s working practicesThe jobs you do when caring for people are called working practices. They include 1. Moving and handling2. Preparing food3. Changing nappies4. Giving injections/supervising5. Giving injections6. Supervising individuals with challenging behaviourYou should always follow the procedures correctly because if you do not you can out yourself and others at harm. Care workers still suffer injuries related to moving people they care for even despite the manual handling regulations 1992. It was reported in 2003 that 80,000 nurses sustain back injuries at work each year, one third of all reported accidents involve moving and handling. The main hazards with moving and handling are that the tutor may slip or trip over, stand in an awkward position, twist and overstretch, this can cause the handler to have neck or back pain, it can cause strain, and sprain or they could fracture a bone this could happen to either the handler or individual. They could end up with a permanent d isability.Hazardous security systemsSecurity systems are to keep staff and individuals safe from intruders, security systems are fitted in most health and social care settings. Residential homes normally keep the main door locked and only the people there have special keys and there family, or you have to buzz to get in. although this is a good thing, it could also be a bad thing as in fires it could waste time that could possibly save lives. All confidential information about the residents is withheld on the computer system and should be password protected all the filing cabinets should also be kept locked at all times.Section 2.Residential careThere are different types of residential care homes, those for the older generation, people with disabilities and children who are looked after. In each of these settings health and safety has to taken extremely seriously, the carers have to make sure that the residents can escape in a fire, they have to make sure they are not putting one an other in danger and that infections do not spread. It is important that the residents are informed about safekeeping themselves and others safe. In some of the residential homes the residents can come and go as they please but in a place where there may be little children or people that are confused that would not be allowed. They could put themselves in danger of getting ran over or hurt themselves. In winter time or in the colder weather, if they cannot find their way back or they dont want to go back they could develop hypothermia. infant minderSettings where there are children should be very safe. Little children are curious and want to see and touch everything, they put things into their mouths lie toys or objects, this can cause them to choke or if they swallow a liquid such as a cleaning detergent they could be poisoned. They could open a accession and go wandering, cupboards, drawers could be opened which have poisonous substances in them, and they could climb and get stuck or distressed. When working in a preschool setting you have to be constantly vigilant and always alert and on the lookout for anything dangerous. Staffs is responsible for all activities the children take part in and therefore have to ensure that they are safe and not hazardous.Public environmentMost parks are away from busy roads but there are a few which arent, in his case there is a danger of the child opening the gate and electric dischargening out intothe road, you have to watch your child at all times to ensure the safety of him/her. You also have to be vigilant of those in the park also, as there could be bigger children which could run into the child. Also if there is a skate park where the older children and teenagers chill you have to be careful for any empty glass bottles, also if older people are unsteady on their feet this can create a hazard for them. Sometimes people like to vandalize the park equipment and leave it in a dangerous state if you are looking after a ch ild you should always check the park equipment before allowing your child on, this can advantageously stop an accident which may have happened. You may also have to asses if the child is age appropriate, if not you shouldnt let the child on it in case of an injury, parks do have an impact absorbing floor normally which cushions the childs fall, but accidents can still happen and you should always keep a close eye on your child. Some parks are frequented by drug abusers they may leave needles on the ground which would be extremely harmful to young children, so it would be a good idea to scan the ground. Dog owners tend to locomote their dogs in the parks, dog faeces is a threat to children. There is such thing as toxicara which is a roundworm that can be present in dog faeces this can potentially result in total blindness in one or both eyes. Parks are an idea place to take children to allow them to get some exercise and socialise with other children.Section 3* Those receiving care , link to an older person and a young childYoung children are unable to recognize hazards themselves, their coordination is still developing. If substances are left lying around the child could get hold of them, this could lead to devastating consequences or even fatal, the child could be poisoned. You should always put locks on drawers and cupboards to ensure the children cannot get hold of hazardous substances. If things are left lying around such as toys a child could get hold of it and put it into their mouths if it too small or a toy is broken the child could choke. An older person could walk into things if they have limited vision or the lights are not bright enough. You should always make sure thatthe care setting is suitable and fits the residents needs. The main doors should always be locked in case there are residents who are confused, they may try to leave. An older person can be harmed if they need to be bring up into a bath or onto a bed, care should be taken when hand ling individuals and procedures should always be followed correctly.Workers in a settingWorkers sometimes come across Violent service users, this can put them at harm and they can be hurt. They could potentially fracture a bone. There may be faulty equipment which could be hazardous to the service provider as if they are lifting a service user and the equipment is broken the whole weight could be out on them and themselves and the individual could hurt themselves. If there is a shortage of staff and it is very busy the workers could feel stressed, stress can cause them to have anxiety and lack of sleep. If a member staff has had lack of sleep this will cause them to feel tired and they may not be als alert as they should be which can cause harm to themselves and the individual. If there are staff shortages tsome members of staff will be asked to work overtime, this can cause them to feel tired which again means that are not as vigilant as they would be.Support staff (eg caterers, cl eaners, administrative),Cleaners are at a risk of being harmed by hazardous waste, if someone has soiled there bed sheets the cleaners have to take the sheets off the bed and put it into the wash, they come into forgather with it which means germs can be passed. They also have to clean after someone has been sick again they can catch a bug or become unwell. Cleaners have to dispose of used dressing and needles they could catch an infection if they come into with them.* Visitors (eg relatives, friends, volunteers)Visitors need to be signed in and out in case of fires, if there was a fire and they are not signed in no one would know that they are there and they could at risk of being trapped in the building. Visitors are also at risk of catching infections or any bugs that are going around within the care setting. They should be informed of any infections before they visit. *