Problems with standardized testing Research Paper

Problems with standardized testing - Research newspaper publisher ExampleThe reasons have gone from an equalizer of chance to an apparatus of isolation used to partition by insights, as well as socio-investment status, riches, and benefit. In 2001, when the No Child Left Behind fleck was do there was such an extraordinary attention set on standardized testing that it is presently prerequisite to the accomplishment of the Statesn beneathstudies to discriminatingly analyze the testing framework and adjust any imperfections that may be available.The NCLB consummation has turned into a significant some piece of state funded training change by try to meet one real objective arriving at 100% capability of all gatherings of scholars in America by the year 2014. This objective wont be effectively accomplished and may not be conceivable to be attained at all unless there are remedies and updates made to the demonstration and the way of life the projects are authorized in schools cros swise over America. Training is a significant a piece of the accomplishment of our nation and with an Act like this being such a predominant compel in instruction it needs to be as near impeccable as could be expected under the circumstances. The No Child Left Behind Act made by President George W. Shrub in 2001 has created a few significant changes inside state funded schools in regards to financing, testing, and the reporting of test effects. Regardless of the disallow impacts the Act has created, with the utilization of individualized testing (less attention on standardized testing) and distinctive regulations in regards to financing, the Act could help schools accomplish the objectives they were proposed to meet.At the point when Horace Mann created a test to oversee to a gathering of understudies in the 1800s, his expectations were to make judgments about how the scholar was doing at their current level and figure out whether they might be fit for propelling to the larger amou nt. The persons prosperity on the test had no pessimistic

Ethics Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Ethics Paper - adjudicate ExampleWhile some may regard this as a victory, there are terzetto reasons why ethics does not support the law in the instance in which this nine class old child is returned to her parents after so many years, and there are two schools of ethics, Ends Based and occupy based that one might use to solve such a dilemma.The first reason why ethics does not support the law in this particular situation is that problems with attachment can founder if a child is suddenly uprooted from a family that she regards as her own and is placed with people she is unfamiliar with, sluice if they are her biological parents. This girl has been with her foster parents all of these years, has formed a bond with them, and they have play a major role in her social and emotional development. Now, she is uprooted, and she must go to people she has neer met in her entire life to pick up where she left off. Research shows that it is quite traumatic to a child to be uprooted from a comforting environment, where attachments are formed, to be placed in one that is on the whole unfamiliar. For instance a journal article titled Expressed emotions, early caregiver-child interaction, and disorders talks about the grandeur of attachment and how it is the framework of the childs development.

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

History - Essay ExampleThe civil rights movement can be considered to have been created by Martin Luther King Jr. due to his influence. After his death, there was a lack of homogeneous leadership, though the inception of the civil rights movement meant that the minority races could stand for their own rights. This was illustrated by the Asian and Mexican communities who joined hands with the black community to fight for their freedom. Martin Luther Kings message of equality did non transpose. However, without his influence there was nobody to carry on his push for equality in the United States. This light-emitting diode to the white community oppressing the minority communities and asserting their dominance. (Lansford 65) The only item-by-item who ever came close to carry on Martins message and vision was civil rights activist Reverend Jesse Jackson. His attempt was based on establishing change in the United States, and he wanted to do that from the top, by becoming the president . He attempted to choke president in 1988, as he perceived being president would be the best government agency of being able to implement the vision embraced and conceptualized by Martin Luther King. A major barrier affected the mind of minority groups, as there had never been a non-white US president. The Civil Rights movement had grown into an great factor due to the influence of Martin Luther King. ... Therefore, the Civil Rights movement has had a major influence in the maturation of the United States. Essay 2 Under the presidency of Richard Nixon in the 1960s, there was uproar in the ideologies that Nixon condoned in the American society. The most disputable factor was the abortion movement that resulted in abortion becoming intelligent in California in the 1960s. Another factor was America becoming part of the war in Vietnam, even when it was not necessary. These two factors created a counter-culture that was a rejection of the factors, represented or condoned by Nixon a t the time. Counter-culture was the political theory in which individuals in the United States had developed distaste for the mannerisms and methodologies that Nixon implemented in the 1960s. It was the cause of the backlash at the time (Lansford 135). The domestic policies that Nixon used were deemed unacceptable the major highlight being the legalization of abortion. In a society that was majority Christians and a good number catholic, the legalization of abortion in California was a factor that was simply unacceptable, because abortion is not acceptable in Christianity. Nixon based his decision as a measure of birth control and regulation of the American population. This was deemed unacceptable to the Christian fraternity as they considered it Un-Godly for an individual to take the life of another individual. It created a huge uproar and dissatisfaction in the presidency of Nixon, and as a result, they were eager to remove him from office as he had decided to go against the wish es of the majority of the American population. In truth, Nixon needed to consider weighing up the options, the implications of creating and

Impact of Nursing Theory comment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Impact of Nursing Theory comment - Essay practice sessionThe most critical segments of transformational theory are the individualized theory and motivation (Rogolosi & Rigolosi, 2005). The most significant element in the workplace is the care and concern afforded to the agrees by their nurse leaders (Rogolosi & Rigolosi, 2005). In this case, individualized affection entails offering pay and encouragement, which promotes interpersonal relations between the nurses and their leaders. This, as articulated, promotes openness between the leader and the nurses and offers an course through which they can share ideas and direct recognition. This creates a high sense of autonomy and satisfaction among the nurse workers. This, in turn, has effects on the delivery of care to the patients and the attainment of set goals by the organization (Rogolosi & Rigolosi, 2005).The specimen outlined on how transformational model can best be used in an administrative apparatus portrays the two most s ignificant aspects of the theory. This example demonstrates a nurse leader who inspires the rest of the nurses and offering support and encouragement, which promotes interpersonal relations between the nurses and their leaders. By developing a focus group, the manager takes huge go in creating interpersonal relationships and openness within the

Neptune Orient Lines Limited (NOL) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Neptune Orient Lines Limited (NOL) - Essay Example73).Using NOL as a wooing study, this essay examines the principles behind why organisations have to operate in and be responsible to a morsel of different external environments. It begins with a planetary discussion of the commission theories behind why and how organisations interact with the environment. It thence explores how NOL deals with its external environment before concluding that NOLs business is able to thrive because the company is mindful to oppose and be responsible to the external environment.According to the system theory (Bertalanffy 1972, pp. 407-26), a closed system has no interaction with the outside environment, eyepatch an outdoors system survives on interacting with the outside world. Clearly, most organisations are open system as they are dependent on their external environment for inputs such as bare-ass materials, human resources and capital. In turn, their outputs are produced for the consumption o f the outside world (Bateman & Snell 1996, p. 42). Surely, therefore, an organisations environment is important to its strategic management (Bateman & Snell 1996, p. 56).Management scholars have come up with different counsellings to characterise an organisations environment. For instance, Bateman and Snell (1996, pp. 57-69, 73) distinguishes between the macroenvironment and the war-ridden environment, while Robbins and Mukerji (1994, pp. ... These are forces that management must take into account when doing strategic planning. The competitive environment is composed of forces that are closer to the organisation with examples including, but not limited to competitors, threat or new entrants, threat of substitutes and customers. In short, macroenvironmental forces are factors that are less controllable than factors in the competitive environment. As for the typology observed by Robbins and Mukerji (1994, pp. 60-66), the general environment refers to everything outside the organisat ion whereas the specific environment is that part of the environment directly related to the feat of organisational goals. By way of a clarifying example, the general environment includes factors such as political and sparing conditions and the social milieu and the specific environment typically includes supplies, customers, competitors etc.Irregardless of the particular terminology utilize by different scholars, the received wisdom today is that companies must respond effectively to the environment. Bateman and Snell (1996, pp. 69-73) forcefully implore that companies can devise proactive strategies to mixture the environment using strategic maneuvering. For instance, companies can change the boundaries of their competitive environment through merging with or acquiring a competitors company, domain selection and the like. Robbins and Mukerji (1994, pp. 68-69), on the former(a) hand, are not as forceful as Bateman and Snell. They argue that most organisations are powerless to change their environment, but large and powerful organisations can manage the environment in such a way that minimises the constraints imposed unto them by the environment.

IRAQ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

IRAQ - try ExampleIt has aspanof 437,072 km2. The Northern part is mountainous with the highest point being Cheekah Dar, which is 3,611m. Idaho is half its size. The cracking city of Iraq is Baghdad other cities include Mosul,Basrah, Kirkuk,ErbilandSulaymaniyah.Iraqsterrainis characterisedbybroadplains, reedy marshes in the southward and mountainouslandscapein the north.Itis more or lesslydryandhotsince it is a desert.The Iraqs total population as at April 2009was estimatedto be 31.2 million. According to Central Intelligence Agency, 75% of the Iraq population comprises of Arabs. Thisis followedby Kurds who be 15-20%, and turn others include only 5% (Cotter, 2011).Iraq has a federal government that defined by the constitution as Islamic, federal, democratic, andparliamentaryand republic (Cotter, 2011). This government has three branches, the executive, judiciary and legislature. The government hasmanyindependentcommissions. There argon areas in Iraq that has governorates apart fr om the federal government. Some districts have jurisdiction regarding somelawfulmatters. The governorates in Iraq are eighteen andare dividedinto districts. Iraqi Kurdistan is aregionthatis legally definedhaving quasi-official militia and its have government. In 2005, Iraq passed a new constitution by 78% majority voting in favour of it. The new constitution got greatestsupportfrom Shia and Kurdish communities (Cotter, 2011).Oil is the greatest contributor to Iraqs economy. It provides most of the foreign exchange earnings to Iraq. The economy of Iraq sufferedextensivelosses due to the war and lost well-nigh to US$100 billion. After the war, oil exports have tremendously increased new pipelineswere constructed, and damaged facilities restored. mild oil prices, costs of construction and war debts repayments made Iraq sufferimmensefinancial crisis (Tripp, 2007). Iraq got a debt residue that was to be

Evaluate own responsibilities in relation to other professionals Essay

Evaluate own responsibilities in relation to other professionals - Essay idealAdopt suitable shortest or interactive lessons strategies for the whole-class, group or persons that support pupil proposal and self-regulating knowledge, talking relation of understanding I have of how kids and youthful people learn (Gravells 2012). Furthermore, am judge to be familiar with the theory skill requisite in the core curriculum or subjects to be trained, and how these can be incorporated into training and resources for learning.Develop assessment materials together with staff, in line with subject and local guidance and consistent with achieving the aims of the school. Select and use arrange of assessment instruments, including those required by the giving medication to encourage and examine education as an important part of the training course devoid of grand it. Use assessment results to assess the effectiveness of teaching and learning and bring up to date well-nigh future terms (Grave lls 2012).Summarize and document evaluation information of the pupils and transmit them to pupils, parents and others who require the information (Gravells 2012). get out dialogue discussion with pupils in which their views are put into consideration. Also encourage parents to be in accomplish about pupils improvement and use opportunities presented to seek advice from parents. Write report to parents in a supportive plan, that interpret clear in sequence and particulars on how every pupil is moving ahead across any aspects of the program of study, and point out the subsequent steps in the pupils learning.Have an first-class understanding and positive of the institute and administration of the school. Know and recognize their own role and tasks as teachers in relation to additional school staff. As a trainer I will come up with a curriculum on staff basis and support other staff in maturation course and programmes of work (Gravells 2012). Work as a team with other staff to cre ate and

Computer think Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Computer think - Essay ExampleActually, the majority current information processing systems are really a kind of figurers, with several pre-installed application programs to assist in solving complicated and difficult jobs. In addition, the electronic reckoners get greatly influenced over lives. They have totally transformed the working practice of business domains. Moreover, they have brought revolution in mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Geography, Banking and various other disciplines of life (McGuigan and Wallace), (Norton) and (Shelly, Cashman and Vermaat). This make-up presents a detailed overview of computers, their largest reach or influence on our thinking and our life. This paper will analyze some of the important aspects of computers throughout our life. This paper will also evaluate that how computer has enriched various walks of our life. Then I will present the impact of modern technology of computer in a community. An introduction to computers At the moment each concomitant individual is familiar with the term computer. Due to their massive utilization we are competent to discover computer systems at all over our surroundings. Actually current world will be imperfect without computer systems as well as their utilization in various walks of life. Its approximately impractical to besides visualize the recent benefits and services exclusive of the utilization of computer systems. A lot of persons might spot that computer implies a PC, over which they are fitting to watch movies, play interesting games, organize rung records as well as handle every day planning, activities and development. However, this is only a simple subdivision of computer expertise. Therefore, computer implies even more than a personal computer. In this scenario, a computer could be referred as a device which accepts information and operating instructions carry out processing and functions consequently. In addition, these controlled instructions are recognized as computer software and computer systems implement this software to perform a function. Moreover, during a specified instant of time, a group of instructions do-nothing be provided to a computer to execute a number of processes, all together (The Gemini Geek). Computer Technology Vs Calculators Similar to computer systems, another device known as calculator as well obtain data or instruction like an input and return back to the users in the form of useful information. However, a calculator is able to offer perform operations on a current and instant input simply. Therefore, computers can perform a collection of instructions simultaneously consequently a computer system is able to work like a constant employee. In addition, computers give information for particular instructions victimisation a determined way, thus there is no need to input a single data or instruction at a given instant of time. Moreover, an individual computer system is able to manipulate a variety of instructions a ll together. Due to this special trait, computer systems may build an ample impact and useful services and functionalities like banking, transport, safety, management interaction etc (The Gemini Geek) Computer Utilities At the moment computers have been classified according to their capabilities. Considering their utilization and service function they could be divided into antithetical kinds. In this scenario, the fastest computers available in the marketplace are known as

Marketing Spotlight HSBC Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing glower HSBC Case Study - Essay ExampleThe essay Marketing Spotlight HSBC Case Study presents a marketing spotlight on HSBC in the form of answers to the questions asked in the recitation and also some discussion points pertaining to HSBC global branding & marketing strategy. The primary success factor of HSBC has been their speech pattern on localization of the HSBC brand.Their strategy of localization has helped them to build local competitive advantages in the regions of their operations much(prenominal) that they could compete effectively with the local players of the region. A deeper insight into this strategy reveals that the efforts atomic number 18 directed towards becoming the consumers expert on cultural knowledge of the nation thus getting deep visibility into pecuniary opportunities in the country hidden in the personality & motivation of the end consumers that are normally unperceivable to other outsiders. The localization model of HSBC is supported stro ngly by their global technology system called Hexagon foot having foundations laid way back in 1983 and subsequently key enhancements implemented in 1987, 1989, and 1994. HSBC owns one of the well-nigh sophisticated & efficient banking transactions & customer service management systems of the world. Internet Banking is a powerful concoct of enhancing competitive advantages that should be informative, communicative & transactional as per the local customer needs. HSBC is one of the few foreign banks that are able to compete effectively with the local banks in Malaysia & Thailand.

The Welfare Principle in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Welf are Principle in the UK - Essay ExampleIn which, the rights, powers, duties, responsibilities and authority of the parents are provided concerning their tykeren. In addition to that, it enables the romance of law to hear and make decisions about the welfare of the barbarian. The Adoption and Children feign 2002 changed the right pertaining to the parental responsibility.2 For children born on or after 1 December 2003 England and Wales, 4 May 2006 Scotland and15 April 2002 Northern Ireland, twain biological parents re important owners of the parental responsibility if they are registered on the birth certificate of the child whether or not the parents are married. Contact Order definition According to section 8(1) of the Children Act, a have-to doe with shape means an order requiring the person with whom a child lives or is to live, to allow the child to visit or stay with the person named in the order, or for that person and the child otherwise to have contact with each(prenominal) other.3 However, in case of clash between the interests of the parents and the interests of children, the interests of the child will be preferred as was verbalize by the Court of Appeal in Re P (Contact Supervision) 1996 2FLR 314 at p.328. What are the interests of a child that the court is going to protect? For example, the child does not have only physical needs and educational needs, but also requires worked up support in order to grow naturally and complete the bicycle of mental and physical growth. If parents are only able to match the physical and education needs, but not the emotional one, it would not be easy for the court to get along and protect the interests of the child due to a clash between the unalike interests. Even in this case, if the court grants the contact order, the court compromises on the emotional needs of the child. On the other hand, if the court does not entertain the contact order request from the parents, the court again fails to properly serve the interests of the child. In order to ascertain the interests of the parents and the interests of the child, the court needs to consider the contact order factors that assist whether contact order should be made or not. They include Above all, the court has to consider what they believe to be in the best interests of child and the welfare of the child remains the main priority. In this regard, the feelings and wishes of the child as far as can be ascertained and they must be considered in the light of the childs mental level and understanding There is no particular proposition age bracket provided to ascertain the mental level of a child. If the child faces a very specialised mental disorder and the doctors remain unsuccessful to highlight the impact of the mental disorder on the childs main mind function, under that situation, the age consideration may become irrelevant. Even the court decision to issue a contact order will not be able to serve the main objecti ve of the child welfare. The court is required to take into account the childs emotional, physical and educational needs as well For example, if parents want to nurture their child and they are financially in a position to fulfil the physical and educational needs of the child, but they are unable to satisfy the emotional needs of the child. There are no particular emotional needs mentioned in the Children Act 1989 that must be satisfied before granting a contact order. In addition, there are different types of emotions and

Fluid mechanics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fluid mechanism - Assignment ExampleIntroduction When a bland undergoes motion, there are certain laws it must satisfy. cardinal of the basic laws pertain to the conservation laws for mass and nothing. While the conservation of mass leads to Continuity Equation, conservation of energy gives us Bernoullis Principle. (1) Continuity Equation the amount of fluid spate per unit time must remain constant as the fluid cannot be compressed (no density variation) and the mass flowing in to a certain area per unit time must always be same to that enclosureination out from that area in exactly the same time. Thus, leading to the important equation Q = A1 ? u1 = A2 ? u2 .....(1) where A1 and u1 are the cross-sectional area and fluid velocity respectively at the location 1 and A2 and u2 are those at 2 along the Venturi piping shown below. (2) Bernoullis Equation similarly, when we take into account the conservation of total energy of the wet in the Tube, which happens to be one of the most fundamental conservation principles in Physics, we obtain the Bernoullis equation. ... ic Head or Pressure Head, denoting the energy due to the fluid pressure the 2nd term defined as speed Head, denoting the kinetic energy and the 3rd term named as likely Head, denoting potential energy, combine together to give the total energy or Head of the fluid in motion. Apparatus Used (1) Venturi Tube or Venturimeter (2) Stopwatch (3) Graduated Beaker 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Venturimeter or Venturi Tube Methodology trample 1 Known volume of water (10 litres in the first case) is onlyowed to flow in through the inlet, located at position marked as 1 Step 2 when the water flows through the Venturi Tube and goes out through the valve at 11, it is collected in the graduated beaker and the volume is noted down along with the total time taken to travel through the Tube. Subsequently, Q, the Volumetric commingle Rate is measured using the Eqn. (1) Step 3 simultaneously, the heights of the water columns in each of the 11 capillary tubes connected to the Venturimeter at 11 contrasting locations are also observed carefully and amaze the relevant column in the Observation Table 1 below Step 4 the swiftness Head and Pressure Head as given by Eqn. (2) are also calculated for different fluid velocities at different locations, and the values are tabulated in Columns 6 & 8 respectively Step 5 finally, the total energy or Head of the fluid is measured just by adding the Velocity Head and the Pressure Head since the Potential Head remains unchanged Step 6 all the 5 steps mentioned above are repeated for 20 litres and 25 litres and the measurements are recorded in Tables 2 & 3 Step 7 bar diagrams are plotted for Evh, the Velocity Head, against the Tube Locations. Similarly, another(prenominal) graph is plotted for Esh, the Static Head, Vs the Tube

Critical Issues faced by the managers while they set a project where Assignment

Critical Issues fontd by the managers while they set a experience where the associated persons of the spew argon from divergent culture - Assignment ExampleThe paper tells that when a company c be wants to start a new parturiency then they have to take numerous factors in account. archives shows that the projects which have got conquest are very much lesser than the projects which have failure. There are many factors which are associated with the project. If a project gets success then it can generate some big amount of money of revenue but if it gets failed then the cost of the project would go in vain. The project unaccompanied gets success if that manager of the firm has done a proper planning. At first the manager has to make veritable that the project is financially viable that is by using the financial tools he has to make sure that the project would generate profit for the firm. Then the firm has to fix the location for the project and as well as the labour who g et out execute the planning into reality. Then in that location is the marketing and sales and distribution of the project about which also the managers should make a plan. The workers are a major part of the project. In the era of globalization persons of different cultures, different religions can be associated with the project. The project can also be a multinational project where the top care has to control the employees who are of different nationality. When a team up of people based in different locations and they work in the same project then the team is known as the practical(prenominal) team. The members of the virtual teams dont meet but they work on the same project communicating by video conference, phone or e-mail on a regular basis. The virtual team concept has started since 1973 (Mihhailova and Piiriste, n.d., p.9). In a company where the project is done in the face to face team then thither is fixed team membership, the team members are located in one place, they are 100% dedicated as they have to work in one project and the team has only one manager. But in the virtual team there is much difference from the face to face team. There are many advantages and disadvantages associated in the virtual team process. Modern communication process has string out a new window of collaborative work where the knowledge can be shared by the members of the organization who are in different places and this would be ultimately effective for the organization as a whole (Kimball, 1997, p.1). Despite of its advantages virtual teams becomes more complex day by day as there are many challenges when the persons work in a virtual team. The virtual team has to face the expression difficulties as the virtual team members are from different locations of the world there is problem of time zone, absence seizure of face to face contact, reporting to different part of the organization. Also there are problems of conflict management problem of making decision above all there is the problem of cultural barriers. There are some issues regarding culture of the workers as it can be different. Some workers of the team may be bellicose and some other may be of not that type. So there can be a misunderstanding arising between the team and so mistrust. When the Americans like a fast response and they use a sparse and targeted prose when they used to communicate by an e-mail the Japanese are not of that type. They are in the side of a careful and proper response, the idea of the sparse prose where is problem of grammar is measured as an rudimentary message. So working in this cross cultural situations where people from different cultures are there the culturally based problems usually arise, so the company has to solve the problem consciously for effectively manage the situation. When there is mistrust

Module 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Module 7 - Essay ExampleThe merger is an enthronization made by Alaska since it acquires another club, Estoya. Therefore, taking Estoya as an asset, the return on investment (ROI) based on the proposed purchase expense (1 billion) and the annual cash flows (500million) would be (500,000,000/ 1,000,000,000) = 50% (Braff, 2013).The merger situation involves a necessary rate of return by the investors and a prospective growth in the future cash flows generated by the targeted company (Estoya Inc.). The information on cash flow, growth rate and the required rate of return is to be used to determine the market value of the targeted firm. Thereafter, it will be simple to decide whether the suggested purchase price of 1 billion bare-ass colloidal solutions is higher or lower than the estimated market value of the targeted firm. The targeted companys EBIT dual is determined by dividing the purchase price by the annual cash inflows (1,000,000,000/500,000,000) = 2. The determined multip le (2), is interpreted to mean that Alaska Corporation should pay 2 new sol per 1 new sol of the Estoyas cash flow. As a result, Alaska corporation should pay a total of (2*500,000,000) = 1,000,000,000 new sol. Since the targeted companys rate of return is above Alaskas required rate of return, the merger should be colonized at 1 billion new sols. That is, Alaska Inc. should pay 1 billion new sols for Estoya Corporation. Based on the estimated value of the targeted company, the maximum price to be paid by Alaska Inc. should be 1 billion new sol (University of Virginia, n.d.).The cash flow generated from the investment is 7 million Yuan annually. The two mentioned country risks, influences the wander as follows the 30% chance that the Chinese government will require the cash flows earned by Kansas Company at the end of one grade be reinvested in China for one year before it can be remitted influences the cash flow considered for the

The Management and Operation of Food Services Essay

The Management and Operation of Food Services - Essay compositors caseAs tourists conk out to a greater extent mobile, so does the nutrient they eat. Food, culinary styles and the increasing differentiation of dishes and cuisines in touristry destinations have developed. Global drinks and foods ar emerging, such as Coca-Cola and McDonalds, and local and regional food is thriving, and new fusion foods are also being created to feed the global soul (Iyer 2000). Tourists themselves are contrisolelying to gastronomic mobility, by creating a demand in their own countries for foods they have encountered abroad.Gastronomy has developed considerably through the years. Gastronomy is not only extremely difficult to define, but the term, just like culture, has become more heavily laden over time. As Scarpato shows, the original explanation of gastronomy has broadened in recent years. The Encyclopdia Britannica (2000) defines gastronomy as the art of selecting, preparing, serving, and enj oying fine food. Gastronomy was for the nobility, but over time the concept include the peasant food typical of regional and local cuisine. The serving and consumption of food has become a global industry, of which tourism is an important part. Mass tourist resorts can often be divided spatially on the initiation of cuisine. One can spot English tourists in English pubs, German tourists in the Bierkeller. Some tourists until now engage in the habit of taking their own food with them on holiday.Food is a means of hammer and supporting identities, principally because what we eat and the way we eat are such basic aspects of our culture. Given the salutary relationship between food and identity, it is not surprising that food becomes an important place marker in tourism promotion. One of the basic reasons for this is the strong relationship between certain localities and certain types of food. As Hughes (1995114) points out(a) there is a notion of a natural relationship between a r egions land, its climatic conditions and the character of food it produces. It is this geographical diversity which provides for the regional distinctiveness in culinary traditions and the evolution of a characteristic heritage. This affiliation between location and gastronomy has been used in a number of ways in tourism, including promotional efforts establish on distinctive or typical regional or national foods.In a gastronomic landscape, the forces of globalization and hole are both exerting pressures on our eating habits. The rise of fast food has come to characterize the globalization of culture and economy encapsulated in the term McDonaldization (Ritzer 1993). McDonalds franchises more than 25,000 outlets in 120 countries worldwide. The Big Mac has become a culinary product that it is used to measure the purchasing power parity of national currencies (Ong 1997). The heathen capital that we develop on holiday regarding foreign food is utilized in our leisure time to develop our identity. The fact that many people seek the comfort of the familiar on holiday is iodin factor that helps to support the spread of global foods. At the same time, however, there is a countervailing force towards more localization in what Castells call the space of places - the local environments in which the bulk of the worlds population live their everyday lives. A resurgence of the local is also being stimulated by growing

Inside Job Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Inside Job - Movie Review typesetters caseThe international environment preceding the crisis was characterized by globally stable economic growth, the growth of productivity and a low level of inflation - which was a primary result of policy changes by central banks pore on inflation targeting. Short term interest rates were at historically low levels both(prenominal) in the US and worldwide. Due to the time out in 2001, the US Federal Reserve Board (Fed) introduced a sharp decrease in its target interest rate. Even though this resulted in the recovery of the economy, figures remained weak, not showing signs did not of a substantial GDP growth or growth of employment, at least(prenominal) until 2005. In addition to this jobless recovery there were threats of a decrease in inflation, which was already at very low levels and a serious concern that the US might experience a recession decade.Ferguson titled the first part of the documentary How We Got Here, wherein he shifts the doc umentary from Iceland to the United States of America and then(prenominal) explained that the United States financial perseverance had been properly regulated during 1940 to 1980 which was later followed by a prolonged cessation of deregulation. Ferguson stated that the to explain the roots of the Global Financial Crisis to the early 1980s when during the Reagan government regime a deregulating bill was being passed for the banking and finance industry, but it was greatly watered down bill was enacted wherein a number of government acts and regulations that came into force after the Great Depression of the early 1930s.?s. Ferguson regretted that despite the downfall of savings and loan associations in late 1980s, the loud and clear warning that something wasnt right in the finance industry was left unheard and unaddressed, which resulted in continuation of the massive deregulation spree, which went on well into the next decade.In order to convert mortgage and other types of loans into more money-spinning financial instruments, the financial wizards and mathematicians devised many creative shipway which were backed

A&E Home Video Essay Example for Free

AE Home Video look forOf course, in the19th Century urban setting of Wildes English play, this upward push of class personal identity would not come without an enormous price, and in many expressions this can be said to be what his play is actu all(prenominal)(a)y all near. In order to enter the upper-class, one must display all the refinement that this newfound status was meant to betray. Jack, the protagonist of Wildes play seems alto retrieveher contemptuous of all the pomp that London and modern life has to offer. But this is not at all lost on Gwendolyn, the char that he intends to marry.It is to her for whom this new modern idealism is all just a part of what makes him such an mesmeric suitor. She seems to express this right away. We live, as I hope you know, Mr. Worthing, in an age of ideals. The fact is constantly mentioned in the more expensive monthly magazines, and has reached the provincial pulpits (Wilde, 1895) Thus at times Jack steals away to the provinces ide where he can be more of himself even as he has convinced others that he is Earnest. When his best promoter Algernon asks him why he goes away he tells him When one is in town, one amuses oneself.When one is in the country one amuses other people. (Wilde, 1895) It is almost as if he means to say that poverty or better, the farness of the country setting offers him a more realistic outlook upon life than the smugness of London. For a time, almost effortlessly he uses one identity to escape one world and another identity to escape the other. Soon, we elate that Algernon has incorporated the same manner of fantasy into his own life. In Sure Thing culture, class, and status atomic number 18 triggers which appear to deliver attributes to strangers meeting each other for the very first time.Betty sits in the coffee dramatise a shit reading a book as Bill judges to approach her. Here, the affirmation of what is good or severity worthy or unworthy is often elicited from the audie nces response to the dialogue, as if smudge modern urban Americans have all but learned to pimp a bogus grit of idealism no different from Great Brittan more than a degree Celsius ago. This is a world where a first impression maybe all that you have, and thus win or loose you only get once chance at failure, as Ives takes us through a drama that often resembles some(prenominal) rounds of speed dating.We hear his instant desire for acceptance when Bill makes several attempts to correct his earlier mistakes, as in this exchange Where was college? Oral Roberts College (Bell) Tech (Bell) Metro (Bell) Harvard Do you like Faulkner? (Ives, 1988) This is a play meant to need the audience as a part of the cast as well. As we look on, it is the judgment of the tam-tam that gets our approval one pick up line after another. Ives does not have to bring the cynicism we all know that this is all simply about sex and nothing more. What else could it be?He leaves the rest up to us to decide. It is the familiar game of male child meets girl and predictably she holds all the cards. Still, we are intrigued by the scenario, because in a sense it forces us to take a cynical look at ourselves and just what governs what we deal out to be proper in our own lives. thither is really no escaping it. While Bill has to cash in ones chips the entire play going through the motions in order to discover just what it will take to get next to Betty, Jack ultimately comes to realize in the end that he actually is. There is no shortage of symbolism in either of these plays.Indeed, perhaps the saturation of metaphor is put directly on notice with the title of Wildes play The Importance of be Earnest. In the end, we discover that this has oft more meaning that we may have been led to believe. Although they wrote one hundred years apart, both of these writers attempt to place male-female relationships in a number of what if situation, and both in their very own brilliant way force us to look squarely into the mirror of our own lives. You just have to ask yourself at some point What motivated my own relationships? What was I searching for?Have I gone about this in the right way? They make us question the world and they make us say sometimes they do a good job of making us laugh as well. Isnt this what any good literature is supposed to do? Both of these plays take pains to provide us a view of the sometimes agonizing acrobatics that can often attend an encounter of boy meets girl. They are bold statements about the weight that outside social forces often have on indicate relationships. We have seen how the rise of the middle class in 19th Century London society had a strong effect upon human relationships.In a sense, we have discovered just how The Importance of Being Earnest was actually a response to the pretentious neurosis of the landed gentry of the UK during that time. So too, in Sure Thing, we were made to examine what we have learned about relationships i n the aftermath of the sexual revolution. Here, we precept just how the fast-paced exchange of two strangers encountering one another for the very first time, forced the turn out of the social and class perceptions during the waning years of the 20th Century.Even though these two playwrights wrote a century apart from one another, through our analysis of the plot and the motivations that undergirded both of these masterpieces of the stage, we were able to see just how frequently they actually had in common.BibliographyAE Home Video (Release Date July 26, 2005) Biography Oscar Wilde Ives, David, (1994) All in the timing sixsome on-act comedies. Dramatists Play Service. (2008) (Director) Jason Salazar. Sure Thing as performed by the pigeon players athletic field company. Retrieved at http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=XliV9M7-If4 Wilde, Oscar (2004) The importance of being earnest. Ist World Library

Why Was Slavery Abolished Essay Example for Free

Why Was thrall Abolished EssaySlavery was the trade that during the 18th and 19th centuries provided the West Indies and places like it with males and females to do work on the plantations. The slaves were wanted to make the plantation owners work a lot easier. They were split into three groups known as gangs according to their health and physique. The first gang consisted of the strongest and healthiest and they cleared, holed and planted the ground before crop time and slice the canes, fed the mills and attended to the manufacture of sugar during crop time. Gang two included the unfledged boys and girls and pregnant females. They weeded the canes and did other light work. The third and final gang were the very young children who collected immature food for the animals and tended the garden. They were looked after by an old woman. Slavery was abolished in 1833, this was due to a number of reasons originally it was a vital aspect in upholding the entire western economy, the slave trade was already intemperately established within Africa itself.Even Though Britain and the Americans were the most prominent supporters of slavery, it was however the Portuguese who first took proceeds of the African Slave Trade by the end of the 15th century they had exported more than 10,000 slaves to sugar plantations. In 1562 Sir John Hawkins set sail for Africa carrying valuables and riches that he hoped to trade for slaves. He is believed to be responsible for Englands involvement in the slave trade. Soon the entire British economy would revolve around the ontogenesis of slaves, making the abolition of slavery out of the question if they wanted to remain wealthy and prosperous. Nevertheless as the slave market continued to increase, people began to question the ethics of the trade itself.In 1689 John Locke, a well practiced British philosopher preached these memorable words Slavery is so vile and miserable an domain of man and so directly opposite to the generous t emper and the courage of our nation As gigantic as slavery had existed there were always outspoken individuals who objected to the practice. As slavery continued to thrive, more and more individuals began to oppose the whole concept of trading in human life. The abolition resistance grew and many beg cases regarding the law of ownership were held, this put the High Court into a tricky position. The Current Lord chief Justice Lord Mansfield did not want to be responsible for depriving England of more than 700,000 worth of slave property, so far he knew that slavery could not continue as to much abolition support had been uncovered. On June 22, 1772, Mansfield announced to the high court that slavery should be abolished.

Marketing Plan for Bata Essay Example for Free

Marketing Plan for Bata EssayIn this perfect grocery store demand, about 42% are brand-driven. And bata is covering about 12% of the organized footwear segment. perseverance environment- menace of new entrants- There are m whatever barriers to entry preventing new entrants from capturing significant market share. grownup footwear producer enjoy economy of scale that create cost advantage over any new rival. BIL differentiated its product from rivals product like Comfort (using dynamic spring fill out that acted as cushion on the feet for womens footwear), Wind (in build air technology that allowed feet to breath odoriferous air) etc. The capital requirements are a high entry barrier to a new whole to the industry. However, an existing shoe manufacturer may enter the athletic shoe industry simply by re-tooling their manufacturing plant. Switching cost is very low for footwear industry because shoes are relatively twopenny-halfpenny personal untroubleds that are frequent ly replaced. Access to distribution channel is barrier to entry because it is really sticky for a startup firm to get shelf space at major shoe retailer. except existing firm may use their existing connections to easily access shoe distribution channel.dicker power of buyer- Bata is largest player in industry with 9-10%volume share and 60% market share in organized segment. It had a market share of 70% in canvas shoe segment and 60% in leather shoe segment. Their dominant market share give them power over buyer. Bata is a big buyer of raw material who buys significant part of suppliers revenue. This in a way provides good bargaining power over suppliers. As a part of its strategic decision Bata set up a rubber/canvas factory in Faridabad, Haryana in 1951. So it can threaten its supplier to integrate backward.Bargaining power of supplier- Shoes are made of leather, rubber, nylon etc. These materials could be classified as commodities, where the manufacturing process adds the value . For this reason supplier have limited bargaining power over buyers. Threat of substitute product- Consumer switched from one product to another if alternatives are available in same quality and mathematical operation range and have competing price or lesser price. BIL produces 10% of total hawai ranged from Rs. 35-110 while competing local brands were sell at Rs. 25-50.Again when global trade open then market flooded with many foreign brands having variety and competing price. Rivalry among existing firms- Mostly numbers of competitors are stable, especially because of high entry barriers. This adds to the tilt among existing firm. Manufacturers watch each other carefully and make appropriate countermove to match the competitors move. leadership competitor of BIL are Lakhani shoes, liberty shoes, action shoes, woodland, paragon and relaxo in organized segment. General environment- Demographic- Indian market is highly fragmented between rural and urban market.Thus with the imp lementation of Marketing plan the federations profit are expected to rise by 100. 30 crores compared to the actual profit that it result have without the implementation of marketing plan. Implementation controls The progress can be measured on quarterly basis by comparing the companys egression rate with that of the industry for that quarter The metropolis Asset Pricing Model van be used where R(b) = R(i) + beta(R(i)) Here R(b) is the expected growth (here sales) for Bata India Ltd and R(i) is growth of the Industry. Beta is the equating factor that tell by how much the company has grown with respect to the industry.

Education-Strategy Essay Example for Free

Education-Strategy EssayIt is a parkland knowledge in human development that individuals have stark differences especially in their cognitive capacities and behavioral attributes. Education was then established to somehow reconcile this individual diversity hence it is a essential for teachers to allot substantial amount of their time to prep ar and assess instructional come and materials that they will use up in classes of heterogeneous populace of students.To effectively facilitate the learning pop outcomes of students, teachers at every level should mapping out their objectives for the specified topic of each instructional period. Teachers usually have different strategies in preparing a lesson some create detailed and meticulously encoded charts while other teachers plainly scrawl down the notes for a particular topic at a discarded piece of pad.Strategies in planning for an instructional approach are immaterial because the most important endeavor is for the teacher to execute wise decisions about the feasibleness of their instructional technique to the successful attainment of learner goals. Furthermore, it is an educational requirement that teachers should be well-equipped of the knowledge that they are teaching because specialization of a particular subject matter effectually bolsters the realization of an educators designed objective for the improvement of students cognitive competence.First and foremost, before a teacher could outline pertinent topics for a subject matter and its corresponding intent the teacher moldiness(prenominal) conduct a pre-assessment of the students power and skills in a class that is needed to be handled it can be in a put to work of a diagnostic test or conversational question-and-answer approach. The teacher ideally should not carry out an impersonal treatment to the students since they are not basically identical in aptitude and manners. After cautiously assessing the individual needs of the students a teache r then must enterprise in designing a lesson plan that is precisely appropriate for the learners demand.In delivering carefully prepared instructional scheme, a teacher must keep in mind the unavoidable nuisance that whitethorn hinder the proper execution of the lessons objectives. In addressing this kind of problem in the classroom, teachers should make use of rewards and punishments to further reinforce the need to conquer haughty learning behaviors and the encouragement of receptiveness to knowledge enhancement. At the end of a specified topics timeframe, the teacher then is expected to administer a check-up test.In doing so, a teacher must be aware of the following criteria in designing a test questionnaire the test must coincide with the mean learning objectives the test questions should accurately recount the information taught the test items must quantify relevant ideas and not those that are insignificant the test items must be able to assess the composite behaviors, the p ractical abilities or principles-application of the students and not just simply reckoning memory skills and lastly, the test questionnaire must be clear and dewy-eyed to avoid confusion.The test should not be purely objective because it cannot measure the reasoning abilities of students. Provide spaces in the test papers that will measure the subjectivity level and argumentative skills of the students. Commonplace negative feedbacks get every after a test exam is successfully completed. Normal setbacks such as large(p) percentages of failing students occur that extremely pressures teachers because of strict adherence to the set timeframe of lesson plans.In cases of unforeseen problems like this, a teacher must devote time to communicate with the students to inquire the difficulties they have encountered in the entire instructional program. Subsequently, after the appraisal of the factors contributing to the failure of a large portion of students in the examination, the teacher m ay form study groups that will be evenly comprised of both astute and slow-learners.The teacher then must monitor that the study groups discuss or brainstorm about the previous topics while a spick-and-span one is being elicited. Afterwards, the teacher may administer another test to evaluate the success of the therapeutic approach.Works CitedCenter for Teaching and Learning. Brigham Young University http//ctl. byu. edu/? page_id=343 Ten Must-Know Facts About Educational Testing. PTA Every Child, One Voice, 2000-2008 http//www. pta. org/archive_article_details_1117837372328. hypertext mark-up language

E-Services in Cambodia Essay Example for Free

E-Services in Cambodia EssayThe day length varies from 11 hours 29 minutes to 12 hours 48 minutes without twilight. Mean maximum and borderline temperature range among 30 to 36C and 21 to 25C respectively. Annual come down urinefall is 1,343 mm mostly during May to November. The national economy of Cambodia similar to many early(a) developing countries argon mostly based on horticulture and income-earning opportunities. 90% of Kampuchean population figure outs its living from agriculture. bring abouting(a) development becomes burning(prenominal) non only for food and livelihood security of the rural families, yet also as a avow for industrial progress. Most of Kampuchean farmers be poor and live under extreme agroecological, socio scotch constraints and fear of unrest of war.The poor farmers with shrimpy and scattered holdings are surviving on rain fed, monaural snipped and strain based alter. Cambodia is sieve exported country of mid 1960s has now annual shortage of tumefy-nigh 50 000-70 000 wads. Out of exported sift, Cambodia has also exported many rustic products such as timbers, fish, maize, rubbers, soybean, ground nuts, sesame, jute, cot gross ton and tobacco. These products direct been utilise precise rugged by Cambodian people, beca rehearse of lacking technology and facilities to improve qualities for food consumption. pastoral empyrean in Cambodia contributes about 45 pct to the GDP, and to a greater extent(prenominal) than 80 percent of the population earns their livings from the agriculture.Apparently, a process of untaught development is considered to be an effective approach to promote the economic return with a broadest possible base. N angiotensin-converting enzymetheless, the development of this empyrean is chief(prenominal)ly constrained due to the exceptionally low productivity if compared with the bordering countries. Research on agricultural development in developing countries has clearly shown t hat the fundamental problem of agricultural festering is an agricultural study as it plays a vital role in providing qualified custody for agricultural implorements and conducting agricultural research, thus providing farmers with wise techniques of product and new input. Indeed, innovation of technology and management capacities for more than intensive and sophisticatedized griculture becomes paramount to maximize agricultural output to encounter food security and to allay rural poverty in the country. Needless to say, this potful be accomplished d mavin the upgrading of human resources busy in the firmament at all levels from the basic education to senior soaring school(prenominal) education. Cambodia has two strain trim backs each year, a monsoon- time crop (long-cycle) and a dry-season crop. The major monsoon crop is planted in late May by means of July, when the front rains of the monsoon season begin to inundate and soften the devour. strain shoots are transplanted from late June through September. The main harvest is usually gathered six months later, in declination.The dry-season crop is smaller, and it takes less time to grow ( trinity months from lay to harvest). It is planted in November in areas that have trapped or retained man of the monsoon rains, and it is harvested in January or February. The dry-season crop seldom exceeds 15 percent of the total annual yield. The per-hectare sieve take in Cambodia is among the final in Asia. The average homecoming for the plastered crop is about 0. 95 ton of un mill strain per hectare. The dry-season crop yield is usanceally higher, 1. 8 hemorrhoid of unmilled sieve per hectare. New strain varieties (IR36 and IR42) have much higher yields, between five and six hemorrhoid of unmilled strain per hectare under profound conditions.Un same local strains, however, these varieties require a fair amount of urea and phosphate fertilizer (25,000 stacks for 5,000 rafts of insem inate), which the government could non afford to import in the late 1980s. The main secondary crops in the late 1980s were maize, cassava, lovely potatoes, groundnuts, soybeans, sesame seeds, dry beans, and rubber. jibe to Phnom Penh, the country produced 92,000 tons of corn (maize), as well as 100,000 tons of cassava, about 34,000 tons of sweet potatoes, and 37,000 tons of dry beans in 1986. In 1987 local officials urged residents of the different agricultural regions of the country to step up the destination of subsidiary food crops, particularly of starchy crops, to provoke up for the sift deficit caused by a severe drought.Animal husbandry has been an essential part of Cambodian economic life, but a part that farmers have carried on mostly as a sideline. conventionally, draftsmanship animals piss buffalo and oxen have playe a crucial role in the preparation of sift fields for farming. In 1979 the decreasing number of draft animals hampered agricultural involution. In 1967 there were 1. 2 meg head of draft animals in 1979 there were only 768,000. Cambodias preferred source of protein is freshwater fish, caught mainly from the Tonle skim and from the Tonle Sab, the Mekong, and the Basak rivers. Cambodians eat it fresh, salted, smoked, or made into fish sauce and paste.A angle program, developed with Western assistance, was real successful in that it more than quadrupled the output of inland freshwater fish in three eld, from 15,000 tons in 1979 to 68,700 tons in 1982, a peak year. After leveling off, output declined slightlywhat, dipping to 62,000 tons in 1986. The 1986 total was less than half the prewar figure of nigh 125,000 tons a year. Saltwater fishing was less developed, and the output was insignifi idlert, less than 10 percent of the total catch. According to the First Plan, fisheries were projected to maturation their annual output to 130,000 metric tons by 1990. II. Potentiality of paddy end product in Cambodia strain paddy P roduction Wet sieve is a unique crop in many ways It is a traditional, reliable and appreciated stable food It give ups a livelihood for many people (for example some 75 percent of the people living in the Lower Mekong Basin) It whoremaster grow in places that are unsuited for different crops, including waterlogged or inundated areas It feces be stored for months or years, if wish be It is quite an robust towards pests, and very robust towards weeds It coffin nail be raised within the flow of a monsoon rainfall Water for husbandry Having developed in a context of abundant water availability, traditional wet sieve cultivation is not water-efficient at all. Production of 1 kg milled sieve can require the availability (if not consumption) of 3-6 m3 of water, including various losses and re bust flows.The monsoon rainfall in Cambodia, where most paddy fields are rain fed, with others supplied by seasonal flood water, and/or from irrigation. The seasonal variation is rather predictable, but the cultivation has adapted so closely that small deviations from the normal model can have a significant effects. This is particularly the grapheme for the small dry season, a dry spell of perhaps around a couple of weeks not long by and by the onset of the wet season. A protracted and severe small dry season after transplanting can gravely affect the annual rain fed crop. 2. The traditional cultivation systems a. Rain fed rice cultivation -The cropping systemRain fed rice cultivation is linked to the rainfall. Over the centuries, the timing and duration of the cultivation cycle have adjusted accordingly, depending on local shite conditions. Due to uncertain rainfall, risk execration is a unvoiced consideration in choice of technology and in technological innovation for rain fed lowland rice. traditionally, seeds are produced simply by retaining a portion of the harvest. Better seeds can make a visible difference, twain regarding yield and robustness , but essential be bought from the good seed keepers in the local area at intervals of a few years. Also, fertilizers can highly improve twain the yield and the resilience of the crops.However, the prospect for its application depends on the rainfall. The size of the land holding is heavy to the viability of cultivation of rice as well as many other crops. Land holdings in Cambodia tend to be minimal. bingle among other reasons is the increasing population combined with generation shifts. The farming system Traditional farming systems provide a balance between the availability of land, water and labor, in response to home plate unavoidably and commercialise aims. paddy field cultivation is highly labor-intensive during transplanting and harvest, but less so in other periods, and not at all outside the cultivation season. Therefore, it can conveniently be combined with other occupations.A traditional Cambodian farming system would comprise paddy cultivation, livestock and palm profits production. Todays farming systems can be more diverse. Examples of their elements are, A typical Cambodian cultivated landscape is valuate by its sugar palms. A sugar palm can produce 25-50 kg sugar per season (which is 5-7 months), providing a supplementary occupation and funds income. Trees that are unproductive for sugar can supply leaves for thatch-making, mats or rice bins, and can flushtually be used for construction and fuelwood. Sugar production is labor-intensive and can compete with Labor for other purposes. Also, it requires fuelwood. It is regarded as a hard way to earn an income and is now in decline. The agricultural value generation Cultivation generates a substantial value upstream and downstream of the farm level, in conjunctive with production and supply of inputs, and processing and distribution of outputs. Rice milling is outstanding-intensive and is provided by specialised operators outside the village. The millers often serve as wholesale b uyers. They may provide loans to the farmers with the undermentioned crop as collateral, or the rice can simply be sold some time before it is harvested. fewer Asian paddy farmers have direct gravel to (or exposure to) an open commercialize. any(prenominal) countries see a rather monopolized distribution at the wholesale level.Many governments try to square the circle between allot revenue at the farm level and affordable food to the urban poor, applying gentle or more strict regulation of work and/or prices. Conditions can be quite different for crops other than rice an aspect that can favor a certain crop diversification. b. Irrigated rice cultivation The cropping system abject parts of rain fed rice areas have irrigation or supplementary irrigation. A higher reliableness of gravel to water reduces a major risk and provides opportunities for innovation, provided that technology, skills and inputs are available. This requires coordination of the development of irrigation services and agricultural education and services.Where raw water is available for dry season irrigation, it becomes possible to raise two (or perhaps even three) crops per year an obvious opportunity, so much more because the dry season yield is much higher that the wet season yield (due to the higher sunlight radiation from clear skies). A shift from one to two crops require a shift from long-duration to medium- or short duration varieties. For example, a medium-duration variety can be grown in the wet season and a short-duration variety in the dry season. The farming system Sharing an irrigation system requires an even stronger collaboration than rain fed cultivation, and ability to collaborate is one of the several success criteria for new systems. Farmers Water User Communities (FWUCs) are promoted by Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MOWRAM) in support of de-central support to operation and maintenance.Some of these work well, while many others are in need of cons olidation, faced with complex new challenges and a need of close collaboration. If water is available but fragile in the dry season, a part of the land can be cultivated with crops other than rice. The soil quality, taken as a give without irrigation, get a new significance in connection with the new voltage cropping opportunities. Soil conditioning becomes a new requirement in connection with crop diversification in areas that are not immediately suited for crops other than rice. Land becomes an even more precious production factor when irrigation is available, as reflected by a higher price.This makes sense, because of the higher revenue that can be generated, but it also imposes a pressure on the land ownership in case of social shocks, such as failed crops or illness in the family, where categorys risk to lose their land and turn to sharecropping. This is a visible tendency in newly irrigated areas. The need for supplementary occupations remains, one reason macrocosm the mod erate income generated from rice cultivation. Households that combine paddy cultivation and livestock ordain typically earn more from the latter. Cattle and buffaloes can feed on marginal lands unsuited for cultivation, and on by-products such as straw, shuck and bran. They provide manure, and draft animals can generate a cash income from transport and ploughings.Further, cattle and buffaloes provide capital for emergencies (such as medical treatment monetary values in case of illness in the family). The agricultural value generation A second annual crop bequeath highly benefit from more remote inputs seeds and fertilizer- and forget in turn supply much more rice to the marketplace, considering that a substantial part of the first crop from a small land holding is consumed by the household. This amplifies the value (and livelihoods) generated before and after the cultivation hope spaciousy to the benefit of the farmers as well as society as a whole. 3. Traditional gender ro les There are some traditions in connection with the task allocation between the household members.These traditions are not strictly observed, however, and all slip aways are at work during busy periods. 4. Trends Traditional paddy cultivation is developing in response to challenges, such as for example A stronger market implore for crops other than rice including vegetables and biofuel crops, as well as a stronger demand for meat a stronger competition for raw water in the dry season, related to development of irrigation infrastructure and intensified cultivation and/or a stronger exposure to competition, related to improved transport infrastructure, porous borders, and regional and outside(a) advancement of lower trade barriers.Also, inevitably, modern lifestyles pull up stakes reach even remote, traditional farming households. A cash income is needed for clothes and kerosene (or electricity where available), and every household strives to achieve a TV, a hand phone, and a motorbike. In many cases, this requires paid off-farm employment by one or several household members typically young adults, who migrate to the towns in search of work. III. Quality a. Milling and reprocessing plants Milling and reprocessing plants are demesne upgraded with high competency and modern technology to ensure quality of rice. The global milled rice trade in 2010 has been estimated at around 31. 3 million tons, compared to 29. 7 million tons in 2009.However, the demand for the import of medium and low-quality milled rice has been on the increase in Asia, due to the put up problems in the Philippines, crops failure and reduced subsidy on fertilizers in Indonesia, as well as the requirement by some countries in the region to fill in reserve stock. It is estimated that milled rice trade in Asia may reach 14. 5 million tons in 2010, and at the same time, the milled rice price may increase and fluctuate. Overall, the regional and global milled rice trade has high growth potential difference for the medium and long term, but there are some down-side risks, due to factors such as changes in prices resulted from changing economic and political landscape in every country across the globe.The potential for increasing milled rice trade could be attributed to factors such as population and economic growth and globalization that imply changes in lifestyle and taste in rice consumption. However, the global milled rice markets are protected and highly subsidized because of its political sensitivity and paddy rice growing tradition being central in the context of national religion and food security. Nevertheless, such developments provide an opportunity for Cambodias milled rice export into the global markets. Milling Rice Cambodian farmers take bulky pride in having commenced construction of International old-hat rice mill in Cambodia.The state-of-the-art high potentiality paddy-to-white rice mill in the Udon region is anticipated to be commissioned in Q3 2012 and represents the first of multi-phase investment strategy and deep-rooted commitment to the country. Significantly larger milling lines are planned for military commission throughout 2013-2015. The complete milling operations are being endeavored from the ground up by world-renowned rice experts with unparalleled expertise in advanced rice milling process and technology soon used by the worlds most successful rice millers. The advanced mill design will provide immense flexibility in processing capacity enabling us to clench large scale paddy in short harvesting periods without affecting quality.All mills will be fully equipped with state of the art rice milling, grading, sortexing equipment from Japan and modern packing facilities to ensure consistent production of products to the highest standards whilst meeting the highest stringent quality and safety requirements of the national and international food and retail industries. Utilising multipass technology consistin g of whitening and polishing, we can ensure efficient removal of bran and an extremely clean white coming into court to the individual rice grains. Our optical sorters look at each individual grain of rice govern shape, length and colour which guarantees uni actity and an average grain length.Reprocessing plants Until youngly, Cambodian farmer didnt have access to high-quality rice seed. For years, the farmer did what most Cambodians do when its time to plant their fields use leftover seed from a past harvest. But the quality of the resulting crops tended to be poor, producing rice that was often pale brown, small, and lacking in aroma. As a result, buyers and rice millers offered low prices, and his sales and income suffered. Almost of Cambodian farmer finally has access to high-quality seed. On the advice of program agronomists, since 2000 they planted a small test plot of the Phka Rumdoul variety to be used exclusively for re-planting.Phka Rumdoul is one of 10 rice varieties r ecommended by the Cambodian government for their high productivity, quality, and market value. Cambodian farmer harvested the test plot four months later to great success. Though the initial plot was small at 1,500 square meters, the harvest provided enough seed to plant his entire farm of five hectares next season. Program agronomists estimate that the improved seed combined with Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries of Cambodia planting methods will save them an estimated 70 percent on seed inputs and increase their sales by roughly 100 percent, both through increased production and higher prices when he sells.Lack of high-quality seed is a major hindrance to Cambodias rice industry. If the country hopes to reach the governments target of exporting 1 million tons by 2015, Cambodian farmers essential improve the quality of their product to make it more desirable to abroad markets. Increasing access to high-quality seed in addition to good agricultural practices and im proved marketing techniques, both of which Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries of Cambodia is addressing is crucial to this happening. About 5,352 rice Cambodian farmer receiving technical assistance from Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries of Cambodia, a number that will grow to 30,000 over the life of the program.They have no doubt that Phka Rumdoul can find a market outside of Cambodia. These seeds are high quality. You can tell just by looking, they state one recent afternoon, sifting the grain through his fingers. With good seeds and Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries of Cambodia techniques, Im convinced(p) that I can produce high-quality, tasty rice. b. Good and fertile soil condition and fertilizer routine Farmer use limit chemical fertilizer and natural fertilizers to its actuality produce high yield and good quality paddy and good tasted rice. Fertile soil condition At the time of writing this publish there were no data available on t he degree of wearing away in Cambodia.But because of the high vulnerability of soils to eating away in Cambodia and the accumulated impact on agriculture and the environment, attention urgently demand be given to the problem. That need is underscored by the following facts Some 63 per cent of Cambodias forests are located in mountainous watershed areas (Ministry of Environment, 1994), much of which has been extensively logged, deforested or degraded. Loss and decline of the plant cover leads to exposure of the soil to sunlight and heavy rainfall, which speeds up the decomposition rate and therefore decreases essential matter in the soil. The process also brings about changes in the physical and chemical soil structure.Consequently, the soil undergoes crusting, and the water filtration, and water and nutrient retention capacity are reduced. The end result is intensive run-off and erosion Some provinces in Cambodia, sheet erosion can be seen as silt which has collected bed cut logs and stumps in the fields, while rill erosion occurs in some fields only three months after clearing and burning the forest for farming. When that occurs, the actual amount of top soil being lost, careful from the top of the remaining grass and tree stumps to the soil surface, is an estimated 1 to 1. 5 cm. The fact that rill erosion has already begun in some places suggests that the yearly top soil loss is very serious.Farmers have describe that yield decreases about 20-25 per cent in the second year of cultivation, and about 40-50 per cent in the third base year on wards. Soil loss through erosion can be observed at coffee and hevea farms where the natural vegetation cover has been completed cleared, leaving the soil surface bring out between the rows of young seedlings. Erosion occurs not only in the upland areas but also in the lowland areas. In practice, water run-off occurs on all land, and the top soil is lost when no cautionary and conservation measures are in place . In Cambodia, however, few people render that erosion is a serious problem in the rain fed lowland areas.In addition, population pressure in the rain fed lowlands is triggering a chain of events which will lead to intensive run-off, erosion and a reduction in the groundwater recharge. Those events include Excessive collection of fuelwood from woodland and forest areas Overstocking and overgrazing (although the number of animals is increasing, the fodder supply is decreasing) Increased run-off of water from rice fields. Because dikes in some areas, for example, in Svay Rieng, are not high enough to contain rainwater, the run-off contains a great of nutrient. Fertilizer usage The average rice yields in Cambodia over the past five years have been relatively constant, diverting between 1. 2 and 1. tons/ha in the monsoon season and 2. 5 to 2. 7 tons/ha in the dry season. During 1995/ 96 a considerable increase in rice yield was recorded 1. 64 tons/ha in the monsoon season and 3. 0 tons/ha in the dry season (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1995). That rise in yield has been linked to good weather conditions, increased use of fertilizer and the hit the roofing cultivation of high-yielding varieties in the dry season1 . For other important secondary crops the yield has remained relatively constant. The average yield of cassava is 6. 61 tons/ha, sweet potatoes 4. 16 tons/ha, mung beans 0. 78 tons/ha, sugar cane 27. 29 tons/ha and soybean 1. 7 tons/ha (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1995). Soil fertility depends on the agro-ecosystem. There are four important rice agro-ecosystems in Cambodia rainfed lowland rice rainfed upland farming deep-water or floating rice and dry-season (mostly flood recession) rice. art object declining soil fertility is increasingly affecting the rainfed lowland agro-ecosystem, the soil fertility in the other systems can be restored through yearly siltation or through the clearing of forest areas. Unf ortunately, the rainfed lowland agro-ecosystem is the most important in Cambodia because that area covers about 85 per cent of the cultivated area of the country.Rice in that ecosystem is ordinarily grown on Ultisols and Alfisols (Reyes and others, 1995). Those soils, oddly Ultisols which comprise the most common rainfed lowland soil, are sandy, acidic, extremely infertile and low in organic carbon and cation exchange capacity. The rainfed lowland areas are badly degraded, oddly where land settlement has continuously occurred over hundreds of years (for example, Oudong in Kampong Speu province, and Bati in Takeo province). In those areas, the soils are very sandy and the top soil has been seriously depleted or eroded. IV. Price, Tax-free and Market of Cambodian rice a. Cambodian rice price in the marketCambodian rices price is militant, especially fragrant rice. Cambodian milled rice is becoming more popular throughout Asia, particularly in Malaysia, which is the number one impo rter of milled rice from the Kingdom. The price of Cambodian paddy rice is 30% to 40% cheaper than its neighbors Thailand and Vietnam. This low profit margin is a competitive advantage but unofficial fees, high theodolite cost and high processing costs make this less significant. Exporting paddy rice is a lost. If processed domestically, some byproducts such as broken rice, husk and bran can be used as important inputs for aquaculture and animal breeding that enable farmers to earn extra income.With more investment in modern rice mill facilities, Cambodia can increase its production of quality milled rice for the growing international market and boost the reputation and international recognition of the Cambodian milled rice standards. In this connection, the royal political relation must address the following issues to increase domestic value-added High electricity price electrical power represents 25% of the total processing costs. This fades Cambodias competitive advantage and the situation can be worse taking into account high and volatile oil price. High energy price is an obstacle to the expansion of the irrigation systems. In the low land Mekong plain, petroleum products are used to pump water into irrigation canals. Therefore, high energy prices limit the ability of farmers to plant two paddy crops a year and to increase yields.For instance, urban dwellers ease up 18 20 cents per kWh, while those living in the rural areas are deplumed to pay up to 30 90 cents, compared to 10 cents in Vietnam. Unreliable supply and high electricity price force rice mills to use their own diesel generators which cost them 12. 60 dollars or 2. 2% per ton of rice, compared to 23. 38 dollars or 4. 1% per ton if electricity is used instead. High transportation cost wretched transport infrastructures such as roads, railways, warehouses, and handling equipment increase rice price. To transport one ton of rice on 100-km road, Cambodian farmers must spend 15 dollars, wh ile this costs only 4 dollars and 7. dollars in Thailand and Vietnam respectively. Moreover, the number of handling equipment and port-nearby warehouses are not adequate, a major challenge for rice export especially during rainy season. Lack of access to and high cost of credit Lack of access to and high cost of credit decrease domestic value-added and hinder milled rice export. Limited access to credit, both for operative capital and investment outlays, represents an obstacle for rice millers to stockpile paddy rice and modernize their processing machineries. However, given the sound and vibrant banking system and a large amount of available credit lines, the capital and the costs of financing should not be a problem.The problem is that bank intermediaries do not clearly understand the risks and the expected returns from agriculture investments, as the majority of bankers believe that agriculture is a high risk and low return sector. Moreover, lack of borrowers financial informat ion and records make it more difficult for the banks to assess the repayment capacity and the status of the borrowers. b. Tax-Free for Cambodian rice export Nowadays, Cambodian rice can export to some countries in the world is task? free, e. g. , the EU Countries, Russia and China. However, the Ministry of Economy and Finance has issued a prakas that will exempt rice producers from a 1 per cent tax in a bid to stimulate rice production and exports.The prakas, or edict dated October 11 and signed by Minister of Economy and Finance rescinds the tax on rice production and milled rice sales for three years. The move comes as the Cambodian government attempts to close in on its goal of exporting 1 million tonnes of milled rice by 2015. President of Loran Import-Export Company, said was not aware of the prakas, but added that the tax relief would help the countrys rice exports as soon as it was implemented. Rice exporters have long insisted that Cambodia remove domestic rice production taxes, Minister said. Thailand and Vietnam do not have such taxes, and the removal of the tax would put Cambodia on a more equal playing field, he said. It would encourage exporters, including me, to be more motivated to export. General conductor of Rural training Bank, said he was not sure of the significance of the prakas yet but he supported the ministrys attempt to push milled rice production. The ministry had tried to accelerate milled rice production very much. They have pushed hard for tax exemption of export,. As a relatively new sham in the milled rice market, Cambodia faces a steep learning curve. However, with a surplus of 3. 5 million tons of paddy rice (equivalent to 2 million tons of milled rice), Cambodia has the potential to soon be among the top five milled rice exporters in the world. More importantly, growth in the agricultural sector will translate into more economic opportunities for Cambodias vast rural population.While not a silver bullet, the success of th e rice sector is an exciting and potentially crucial driver in Cambodias prosperous and equitable development. c. Market svelte rice market is heavily protected and import procedures vary from one country to another. As Cambodia is a new player in milled rice market, it must face a steep learning curve and improve its export capacity to penetrate the international market. According to data from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Malaysia imported over 7,000 tonnes of a total 25,700 tonnes exported. Poland is the second-largest importer, importing 5,880 tonnes in the first month of the year, and France the third largest, importing over 4,300 tonnes.The of Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and director of the single-window secretariat for facilitating milled rice exports, said though Malaysia graded highest for milled rice exports, Cambodia could further capitalist on Malaysian demand for fragrant milled rice. Cambodia needs to diversify its exports t o better take advantage of the Malaysian market, Vanhorn added. But Cambodia also still faces challenges in managing the use of different seeds grown in different areas, adding that officials could not always control the quantity of these unspecified seeds According to these figures, we hope we reach our target, but anything can happen in the future, Minister said, adding that rice exports can be affected by many other factors. The Asian market is huge for rice exporters, with Malaysia importing from Thailand and Vietnam as well.Malaysia imports a lot of rice to supply its market demand from Thailand and Vietnam, and now they also turn to Cambodia because of competitive prices. Cambodia announced two major bilateral trade agreements last month, with the Philippines and Thailand, that are expected to further expand the countrys rice export sector. Over the last few years, Cambodia has emerged as a major rice exporter in the region, due in large part to the Royal presidential term of Cambodias recent expansion of its agricultural sector. Agriculture, led by rice farming, contributes to roughly a third of the countrys GDP and has immense potential for alter Cambodias economic growth, accelerating poverty reduction, and improving the living standard of its citizens.As part of this agenda, in 2010, the RGC adopted a new Policy Paper on Paddy Production and Rice Export, better known as the Rice Policy, to promote diversification of Cambodias economic sectors by catalyzing growth in paddy rice production and milled rice export to compeer the growth seen in the garment and service sectors. In his keynote address at the policys launch, Prime Minister said The policy aims to ensure that we grab the rare opportunity to develop Cambodia in the post global financial and economic cataclysm. If Cambodias rice export sector were to reach its full potential, it could produce 3 million tons of milled rice, with the total export value amounting to $2. 1 one million million million (approximately 20% of the GDP) and an estimated additional $600 million (approximately 5% of the GDP) to the national economy. It would also boost employment and income for agricultural farmers who make up more than 70 percent of the population living in rural areas.To better understand the bottlenecks in the rice sector, The Asia Foundation, in partnership with the AusAID-funded program, Cambodia Agricultural Value Chain (CAVAC), hosted a series of consultatory forums last year in three provinces Kampong Thom, Kampot, and Takeo with stakeholders from the underground sector (farmers, seed producers, agro-business owners, exporters) and the public sector (Ministries of Agriculture, Commerce, and Water Resources Management, provincial governors, provincial departments of line ministries, and local authorities). Approximately 370 participants attended the workshops and discussed how to create business-friendly environments (i. e. competitiveness and productivity, access to f inance, access to markets), and the technical aspects of rice production (use of fertilizers and insecticides, seed categories, and availability of water sources). The insights were frank and eye-opening. Although the challenges are significant, the opportunities for the sector are greater. Secretary of sound out for the Ministry of Economy and Finance, optimistically predicted that the RGC can achieve its target for milled rice With regards to RGCs rice export target in 2015, we may achieve up to 80 percent of the 1 million tons planned. This should include the milled rice to Vietnamese, Thai, and non-EU markets. Implementing a strategic framework like the Rice Policy is just the beginning.To increase the paddy rice production to meet market demand and promote the export of milled rice, the government must initiate and support a host of reforms in partnership with the tete-a-tete sector. For instance, to solve the issue of credit shortages for buying and processing paddy rice, t he government can provide incentives to commercial banks to increase the loan portfolio for agriculture. At the end of the day, the RGC must keep the farmers themselves in mind. Introducing new technologies or improving agricultural practices can only go so far if they are not accepted and adopted by farmers. Donors and NGOs can play a pivotal role in providing support and facilitating the successful implementation of new policies and projects aimed at improving the agricultural value chain.V. Conclusion Though the incumbent global milled rice market is highly protected, Cambodia is blessed with opportunity to export milled rice in the future thank to the increase in domestic paddy rice production and the potential in the world milled rice trade. So far, the performance of agriculture is outstanding especially in terms of productivity improvement and diversification, due to steadfast efforts of the Royal Government and all stakeholders including the participation of farmers. Rice w ill mainly mean the stunning landscapes of rice fields, yellow at harvest time, bright and silver-tongued during the rainy season, with shades of green meanwhile.But to a Cambodian consumer and to a Cambodian farmer, as well as to their Government (and to the French economist), rice is the staple crop, a possible white gold as the Prime Minister once put it, and a major part of a poverty reduction strategy. Through, the Prime Minister launched a policy paper on the promotion of paddy production and rice exports. This is a good and promising example of a cluster approach to Cambodias growth strategy. Cambodia is an important but still small rice exporter. Cambodia has been an exporter of rice since 2004, but a large part of the exports was unprocessed (paddy) or even smuggled through the border. Yet Cambodia has abundant land and sits in a region that is both fertile for and in high demand of rice. So far the potential comparative advantage for rice was diluted by various costs, off icial (e. g. electricity) or unofficial (e. g. llegal check points). Poor coordination of public and private actors was also undermining the potential. For instance weak land titling systems and weak sanitary controls were a constraint that led to limited access to finance, itself contributing to limited value addition. However the significant increase in price in 2008 and again a rebound in the past few weeks has drastically changed the economics of the sector. The policy includes a range of actions, from helping farmers to organize in associations and use better seeds, to improving irrigation systems, developing certification systems, strengthening logistics, and facilitating access to finance.Although I did not get a chance to consult Paul the Octopus as my colleague in Thailand did, the policy makes a strong case for the rapid development of rice exports in Cambodia. Potentiality of Cambodian rice, Cambodia has great potentialities and prospects in paddy and rice production pr omotion for the supply. Cambodia will be able to produce large quantity of paddy in response to the increasing demand of the world markets. In the future, Cambodia necessarily need to export milled rice in large quantity rather than selling as paddy rice. In fact, high growth in agricultural sector will benefit most Cambodian people who are farmers with their living standard improved. Thus, the Royal Government is affiliated to promoting paddy rice production and removing all constraints to milled rice export from Cambodia.Indeed, the success of this policy will depend on actual implementation and the task is complex and hard to achieve, yet it really requires cooperation, coordination and strong commitment especially by way of improving the leadership and management of all concerned ministries/agencies and stakeholders. The new policy recognizes this new environment and promotes coordination of various actors along the value chain, from the rice fields to the export market shift from production increase to commercial agriculture and Organic rice should be promoted country total Link all producer group into cluster and union Farmers should involved in this industry and form themselves into network Local and national authority support the industry NGO should provide more capacity building training related to value added Government should re-check the policy of land investment ( esp. land concession) Government should rehabilitate the existing irrigation system and build the new ones where there is lack of irrigation system Government should facilitate to find the loan or provide loan to farmers with low interest rate to ensure that farmers will have enough financial resource to invest in this industry. Both government and NGO must try to look for and expand the market for organic rice products. Recognition of the leading role of the private sector and the critical facilitating role of the State.The Royal Government is strongly convinced that all mi nistries/agencies of the Royal Government and other stakeholders, including the private sector and development partners, and particularly Cambodian farmers across the country, will join workforce in pursuing this mission to bring about development, progress, and prosperity to the Kingdom of Cambodia. Reference 1. Cosslett, Tuyet L. The Economy. Cambodia A artless Study (Russell R. Ross, editor) Library of Congress Federal Research Division (December 1987) 2. Cambodian Environment Management Project, 1996. succinct report of Phnom Penh and provincial working group meetings on pesticide information and education (Ministry of Environment). 3. 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