Accounting fraud Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Accounting fraud - Coursework Example The aspect of Fair Value Accounting is being used differently all over the world but it was wrongly used in Enron because it was not being checked upon by the relevant authorities. It becomes necessary for the regulation bodies to keep a check upon any such activity that is being carried out by the different companies. All these examples will help me in avoiding these issues while pursuing my career so that these kinds of fraudulent activities are completely eradicated from the society. In my view accounting fraud is related to any act that conceals the facts relating to the finances of the company. This concealment of facts can lead the potential buyers to be interested in the company and hence the shares of the company. Another example of accounting fraud can be taken in the case of companies who deliberately delay their financial bookings to an appropriate time in the future where they may balance out the profits. This specifically means that the company would cross out the transactions that are decreasing their total worth. This transaction can later on be put to the journals when the company has enough to overshadow the losses. This can help the company to gain shares and increase their market value as Enron was able to do and achieve higher profits than they actually deserved. In other words this practice can co-relate to the accounting frauds that can easily take place in the absence of the regulatory bodies. I believe that the companies can take different measures to avoid fraudulent activities that are being conducted. This revolves around the hierarchy of the company and the management is primarily responsible for any type of fraudulent activity that is taking place in the company. The managers should be held responsible for any omission or suppression of the transactions in the journals. This way the managers would be careful when handling their employees

Cookridge Ltd Essay Example for Free

Cookridge Ltd Essay Inkwell is a Public limited company and was established in 2003, seven years ago by two of its three controlling shareholders, Paul Farnon and Victoria Dawson. Two years ago Anil Gupta bought into the company and joined the board as Finance Director. The company has its head office and warehouse on the industrial estate in Birmingham, where the management team and account department resides, including a large central warehouse. 4.2 The business was set up to offer a part exchange facility online accessible 24 hours a day or physically bring them into one of the 60 shops, and supplies a complete range of re-manufactured inkjet and toner cartridges through nationwide high street shops. Its main competitors are suppliers in the cartridge supplier sector in UK. Its main internal stakeholders are its Board of Directors, being the investors and manager of the organization. Employees, they are the workers of the organization in various departments to run its operations in return for a salary. Its external stakeholders are its: Supplier’s, these are the people that provide the supplies of re-manufactured inkjet and laser toner cartridge after it has been refilled. Customers that pay on cash, order online, or buy at one of the nationwide network of shops. These customers account for 80% of Inkwell Limited revenue. Government of UK, they are interested in the performance of the business in order to be able to collect the taxes on the profit levels. 4.4 The shareholders are still heavily involved in the day to day operations with Paul Fernon as Managing Director with 40% shares with the largest share, Victoria Dawson as Sales Director with 30% shares and Anil Gupta as Finance Director with 30% shares. A qualified Accountant Alex Fox has been employed as the first member of the accountant team that reports to Michael O’Payne but have direct access to the Finance Director as well. 4.5 Inkwell Limited is organized into departments and has an equivalent of 180 employees including  the accounting de partment – see Appendix on page for a structured chart. Analysis and evaluating the system Structure and Function 5.1 The Company Accountant is Michael O’Payne who’s responsible for the running of the accounting department. The first member of the accounts team is Alex Fox with other 5 full time staff. 5.2 The computerized system in the head office is an integrated system which is linked between the different accounting functions. While in other 60 shops they are on a stand-alone basis and data and information are stored separately. 5.3 The different section of the department, its staff and responsibilities: General Ledger and Inventory- Michelle Labelle account clerk. Responsible for entering relevant data into the general ledger, keep financial control over companies inventories. Purchase ledger- Liana Khan accounts clerk. Responsible for liaising with suppliers and other associated transactions. Sales ledger- Greg Morris accounts clerk. Responsible for dealing with customers and other associated transactions. Costing- Alan Cook costing technician. Responsible for dealing with in put costs and other associated transactions. Payroll- Sharon Ward, BA (Hons) is a personnel database and wage clerk. Responsible for preparing monthly salaries and wages for all the employees and all associated transactions and second is to maintain the personnel database. 5.4 The accounting functions in details are: Processing and recording of the financial transactions of the credit customers and credit suppliers of the different sections in the accounts department. Preparation of management information’s on credit sales, credit purchases, costing and payroll associated returns and documents. 5.5 Michelle Labelle in the general ledger and inventory function: Enters all data requiring input directly into company’s cash book and its petty cash imprest system and keep financial control over the company’s inventories. If inventories get above three days’ holding in any shop Michelle has to telephone and get justifications for the variance. 5.6 Liana Khan in the purchase ledger function: Makes sure that all supplier’s invoices and credit notes are entered into the Accounts Payable Ledger, and for Subsequently arranging the payments to suppliers. 5.7 Greg Morris in the sales ledger function Uses a credit reference agency to ensure that potential new credit customers have no history of poor payments. Checks any new customer who applies is always given a line of credit after this trial period. 5.8 Alan Cook in the costing function: Uses a target costing approach, working out what the cost of each component such as ink or plastic, and Supplies management with the monthly basis, and Advises management of variances from target. 5.9 Sharon Ward in the payroll and personnel database function: Operates the company’s two payrolls prepares the pay slips from the rotas prepared by the managers for the staffs. The salaries staffs are paid monthly on the last working day of the month using the Bankers Automated Clearing System (BACS). 6 Review of the accounting system 6.1 Record Keeping System A business needs an effective and manageable recordkeeping system. This is why in the business environment with regulated accounting structures, it is vital that organizations have the necessary records of evidence to support business operations. All transaction is electronically and manually processed to be made available. The necessity to provide access to recorded information is crucial. These are information’s relating to the different accounting function, such as; Purchase Sales Payroll Cash and Banking Record keeping systems are used; To better support the performance of the organization activities and enable better decision making all throughout the structure of the organization. To make sure that information is available for future or current processes, and helps also in the improving and upgrading of the manual or computerized processes. To address any future issues that may arise internally or  externally, such as fraud, lawsuits and other an-ethical accusations. To support the employees in the different functions of the business to be more efficient, productive in the accuracy of delivering the work. Records which are processed and made available are then used to produce other financial reports. Michelle Labelle in the general ledger and inventory function record and process the different inventory, supplier’s data to make available information on: Suppliers Cost prices Selling prices Profit margins Re-order level and quantities The data is used to know the overall cost of inventory, purchase and how much owed to better plan for future costs. Greg Morris in the sales ledger function processes the cash, cheques and other financial data to ensure that information is available on demand for: Customers Selling prices Bad debt Amount customers owed This information is used for different purposes such as; it is used by the debt collection agency for the collections of debt. The use of computerized recording system is more efficient than paper base. This is due to because the use of paper base recording system is more likely to produce errors then having a computerized format that data is just inputted in. Using a computerized system is less costly and time consuming. 6.2 Internal System of Control For an organization to have efficient and effective operation of its activities, internal system of control procedures is used by the management in place to ensure that the organization achieve its goals. This is where policies and procedures come in place to establish an internal control system to maximize the detection of frauds and errors, and to minimize their occurrence also. Existing internal system of control in Inkwell limited are: Supervision of the accounts office by a Company Accountant and Senior accounts member. A staff rota is prepared by the managers to ensure adequate staff coverage for all the opening hours of their shops. An information technology policy exists which sets out rules relevant to securing the computer systems. The computer system throughout the company is password protected. Company cheques are required for authorization by the three directors company accountant and other financial documents for approval. Reconciliation of the purchased stock against recorded inventory level. Purchases duties are segregated to minimize the risk of fraud. A credit rating agency is used to ensure that potentially new credit customers have no history of poor payments. Policy for dealing with non-payment of debt exists, and its state out the actions and procedure. Cheques and cash from customers are kept in office safe until it is banked. Internal control that is missing or can improve is: Company policies and procedures. Disciplinary measure to breach of policy or miss conduct. Management supervision. Segregation of duties Staff Recruitment procedures Staff training and Continual Professional Development. Restriction on accessing of computer systems. Enforcement on Computerize backup of financial documents. Retention and disposal of records throughout the business. Accounting standard and procedures. Risk assessment. Liquidity management. Verification and checks of accounting data. List of authorized access. Checks relating to wages paid out Credit control system. 6.3 Fraud Fraud is the use of deception with the intention of obtaining an advantage, avoiding an obligation or causing loss to someone else or to an  organization; this is the general definition of fraud. It is an unfortunate fact of life and comes in many forms and is recognized as a criminal activity in many countries including UK. Possibility and opportunity of fraud within Inkwell limited is possible due to the internal control is not efficient, efficacious, being deficient and the opportunity of fraud is there for the taking. Fraud covers a wide range of area criminal activity. Common types of fraud are: Theft Dishonestly taking someone else’s property. False accounting – Dishonestly destroying, defacing, concealing or falsifying an accounting record for personal gain or to cause loss to someone else. Bribery and corruption – taking or giving a bribe that might influence the actions of others. Deception – Obtaining property, money, services or evading liability by deception Methods that can be used to detect fraud Fraud can be detected by the experience manager by simple observation and through experience and also through a robust internal control system. Some sigh can include: Employees acting suspiciously – looking shifty and hiding paperwork Employees with higher levels of spending than you would expect from their income Employees working long hours and taking less than the normal holiday entitlement. Employees who have a grudge against the organization. Employees who are known to be short of money. The usage of the internet to for online sale is also at risk of fraud, since customers give Debit and Credit Cards details to pay their debts. Card fraud transaction can be detected by using Business rules. Opportunity and Potential areas of risk of fraud taking place are:  £3000 worth of a particular make of cartridge was unaccounted for during reconciliation of inventory with purchase order. Goods not appearing on the warehouse inventory record. Cash and cheques are entered manually which can be easily be subject to false accounting Complaint’s on wages being underpaid Only one staff operates and have access to payroll system Lack of written instructions Computer are not logged out and locked when not in use. No system in place for warehouse or administrative employees to record and know the time they arrive and when they leave the office The usage of debit or credit card detail by customers over the internet to pay. 6.4 Working Methods and Practices The working methods used in Inkwell Limited are: Computers are attributed to each staff whether part-time or fulltime to work on. The computer systems are run on an integrated network, with all PCs linked to two printers in the department. Every shop has PCs and printers of its own. Microsoft office excel spreadsheets is used in the accounting system for recording of the different data. All computers use Windows Vista operating system and loaded with Microsoft office 2007 consisting of 80-user operating license, and one new computer loaded with Sage Payroll software to unable payroll and personnel system to be run in-house. Internet access is available on every computer with Mozilla Firefox as web browser. Password is used on the computers. Large trade customers are put on a cash-with-order basis for the first three months of business. A credit reference agency is used potentially new customers have no history of bad credit. All cash and cheques are removed from the till, leaving a float of  £50 cash in each for the start of the next day. Staff salaries are paid monthly using the Bankers Automated Clearing System (BACS). Prepared by the wage clerk, signed by the Company Accountant and banked on 24th of each month. The methods and practices can be improved in the following: All 60 computers at the shops operate on a stand-alone system. Excel Spreadsheet being used for recording accounting data. Debt collection agency being used to collect bad debt is expensive. Password used for the computers. The removal of all cash and cheques, from the individual tills are not  practiced. Backing up of computerized data. 6.5 Training Training is essential for every personnel of an organization, as it improve the ability of the staff to perform its work and therefor reducing the amount of errors and hired part time staff used to perform tasks that can’t be done inside the organization. This is why every staff must get the opportunity to continue their professional development and be skilled to perform the task at hand. Inkwell Limited does not have the proper policy and systems in place to encourage employees to be enrolled in a part time or full time course, unless they take it on themselves to address the issue to the management. Benefits of training: Staffs are updated to the accounting standard and regulations. They will be motivated to work and be more efficient due to possibility of a promotion or career opportunity being increased, therefor errors is reduced. Staff will be more skilled to meet the needs of the organization. Professionally regulated staff will be governed by a recognized code of ethics from a professional accountancy body. Will better know how to, manage the time to do the tasks, therefor becoming more flexible and productive. Development of an ethical approach to the work and to employers and clients, acquired by experience and training. WEAKNESSES IDENTIFIED Record keeping system No completion of trial balance, statutory accounts as planned. Window dressing of the accounts. Transaction accounting are not done on a day to day basis Accounting record data entry is not being viewed as apriority by Michael O’Payne and Anil Gupta. Having unusual entries found in the general ledger. Errors may occur in inputting data into the computer. Internal System of Control No proper recruitment procedures in place to hire staff that has dismiss. The existing policies are not fully followed. This includes the Computers information technology policy, with no proper password, and logging off the computer after use. A lack of internal control for detection and fraud prevention Lack of segregation of duties. No proper scheduling back up of all IT systems being followed. No proper security for the shops. No policy for Data protection. No list of authorized personnel to access certain documents. No follow up control in place to the internal controls being followed. No supervision is done to monitor the signing in and signing out in the business. For the 60 shops, computers run on a stand-alone system. No safeguard for the proper security procedures in place/security issues relating to debit and credit cards details over the internet (Identity theft). Fraud Possibility of fraud is high; this may be caused due to: Nothing is done to ensure working practices undergoes a proper way. Inadequate guidance on how to detect and deal with fraud. Low effectiveness of security systems especially the password which does not improved each time is changed and can be guessed easily. A lack of supervision, monitoring and checks of accounting activities and records kept. Debit and Credit cards usage over the internet for customers to pay their debt can be subject to identity theft. Noncompliance to internal control. Unaccounted Cartridge’s worth  £3500, with no record in inventory. Details of transactions being deleted in the database, relating to one-off significant payments. Working Methods and Practices Breach of software and user license for software in use, can bring legal action against the company. No coverage or placement of professional personnel to carry out the work of absent staff. Lack of enforcement of legal requirement trough out the business and working practice is very low due to low standards Liquidity management is very poor. Lack of motivational skills from the directors of the business. No adequate physical controls to ensure the security and safe keeping of the businesses assets so that they do not go missing or are stolen. Working conditions and schedule are not respected by the Directors, having problems prioritizing work Lack of staffs, causing over working of staffs and no coverage or placement of professional personnel to carry out the work of absent staff. Therefor agencies are hired to do the work, which is costly. Job rotation is not practiced in the organization A required computer program needs to be attributed to these functions: Invoicing which is carried out. Data on Excel spreadsheet is manually input. Training More training is needed for operating: Quickcost system Payroll and personal system: Several teething problems experienced with the integrated payroll and personnel database. Need for education is needed for: Professional approach to work. Reliability in terms of competence. How to properly handle a secure credit and debit card transaction. Recommendation Recommendations are done following the various weaknesses identified and mentioned above. Record keeping system The management must ensure that the planned working schedule is followed strictly. If problems meeting the targets occur, it should be communicated to the responsible supervisors so proper action can be taken. Working schedule should be adjusted in so that the review of the payments and all other relating transaction are done earlier so that they don’t have to window dress. Different task must be prioritized by the management, so that conflict does not occur, were task are neglected. Accounting record data entry must be prioritized by the two organization’s directors Michael O’Payne and Anil Gupta. The directors must review the benefits that will be gained. Unsure that the proper records relating to the daily business transaction are entered into the general ledger. Verify the data inputted in the computer to ensure that is correct. Internal System of Control Standard policy and guidelines of hiring staffs should be introduced, pointing out the necessary detailed document that is needed making the  process more transparent and reliable. Staffs should be sensitized of the policies in place and know the importance of respecting them. Setting up a fraud policy which sets out the way to detect and deal with fraud, throughout the different working procedure and practice. Duties should be segregated, by setting up a system, which when combined, could lead to fraud. The existing policy should be re-enforce, so that the record kept on the computers would be backed up on the server regularly to prevent loss of data instead of doing it once a day. Alarm systems should be installed for all the shops of the organization, to better protect the business assets from being stolen. Proper policy and procedures should be introduced. The Data Protection Act should be communicated to all staffs, to better protect the company’s and the customer Data. A list of authorized personnel should be produced and communicated to the staffs. Staff personnel should be put in charge of verifying that all policies in place are being followed. A logging system should be set up to have a record of who comes in the office and at what time. Such system should be monitored to ensure all staff complies. An integrated network should be set up on a server to connect the computers together with proper licensed software. Safeguards should be implemented on the procedure for transaction involving debit and credit card details provided by the customers. A standard and effective Sage Accounting package should be bought to unable: A standard layout of the invoices issued to customers. Enable data to be imported and exported from and to Excel spreadsheets. Enable better detection of errors in the different account ledgers. Fraud To reduce the possibility of fraud and make the internal control system fraud resistant, the various techniques should use: Accounting activities should be supervised on a regular basis. The records and calculation of financial document should be sampled and checked regularly for errors. Make sure that the fraud policy which will be introduced set out the way to detect and deal with fraud, throughout the different working procedure and practice and to make any adjustment necessary. Managers of the various departments should be given areas of responsibilities and answerability to ensure that fraud is kept to a minimum. Value of a business rule management system (BRMS) approach to fraud detection can be implemented. Business rules can be used  to validate various conditions for detecting anomalies that can indicate fraud. Enables institutions to react quickly in their effort to keep pace with fraudsters. Disciplinary measures or penalties should be set up for breaking an internal control or if a staff is practicing fraudulent act. Physical security should be re-enforced, locking up valuable items away, such as cash and cheques. Set up a limit to which a financial transaction should be requiring authorization, by one or more authorized signature. This may range from petty cash or cheques over a certain amount. Doing a regular reconciliation of the accounts to the financial documents to make sure they balance and errors corrected. Management should carry out Risk Assessments as part of the of an effective internal control system. Working Methods and Practices Make sure that all computers use license software in all the shops and departments, monitor that the license are not broken causing legal action to the organization. Adequate number of specialized staffs should be introduced for the coverage of staff that is absent. The business must comply with all relevant External regulations. Such as international accounting standards even government regulation from HMRC. This will aid in raising the standard of working practices. Better management of buying inventory from suppliers. Credit to customers should be reduced. The managers should undergo a management course, to learn how to better manage their business, motivate their employees through training, giving out bonuses, paying for overtime and other incentives. All assets should be recorded and proper management of the assets should be put in place, to know the life cycle. Directors should produce an effective working schedule, reducing the stress on employees. Adequate number of specializ ed staffs should be introduced for the coverage of staff that is absent. Produce an effective rota to unable the staff to rotate to different accounting functions in the organization. A standard and effective Sage Accounting package should be bought to unable: A standard layout of the invoices issued to customers. Enable data to be imported and exported from and to Excel spreadsheets. Enable better detection of errors in the different account ledgers. Training More training should be provided for: Quick cost system Payroll and personal system To ensure that staff has the necessary skills and knowledge to be more effective and reliable in their work, in terms of competence: Staffs Training should be invested in by the management, to better handle the daily tasks. Including Debit Credit cards transactions This should include internal or external training courses for using any newly introduced accounting package. Telephone support lines made available by the software provider. Workshops on the improvement of staffs’ communications skills. Cost benefit analysis Improvement Recommended Cost of Time Benefits Time spent by manager in Training 25 hours Ãâ€" 3 Ãâ€"  £25 per hour Time spent by 5 account staff 25 hours Ãâ€" 5 Ãâ€"  £15 per hour TOTAL TRAINING COST  £ 1875 1875 3750 The work output will be more accurate due to the raise of standard. The organization will appear more professional, more efficient, meanings fewer errors and problems. Cost of hiring new Accounting staffs  £ 192000 The different responsibilities can be segregated and work will be done faster. Setting up of computers on a network Cost of hardware Installation cost  £ 5000 1000 6000 Access to data will be easier which will speed up the work and save time. New accounting Package Cost of the software Installation cost cost of training the staff 10000 3000 3500 16500 Many routine operations will be speeded up, save time and reduces wages bill. 9.2 To carry out a Risk assessment the management will require 2 hours per month. This will discourage and reduce the risk of fraud in the accounting system by identifying the areas of the risk of fraud and then setting up a system in place to detect any possibility of fraud and then deal with it, making the system more reliable. Appendices SWOT Analysis Strengths Record keeping system Using an archiving computer package to store full accounting records. Easy access to past exact copy of company accounting transactions. Sage Payroll software was loaded in the accounts department to enable the new payroll and personnel system to be in house. Excel spreadsheets are used for maintaining the inventory information. Integrated General, Accounts payable and Accounts Receivable set of ledger principal financial accounting system. Internal system of control An information technology policy exist which sets out rules relevant to securing the computer systems. The computer system throughout the company is password protected. A credit rating agency is used to ensure that potentially new credit customers have no history of poor payment. Value of a business rule management system (BRMS) approach to fraud detection benefits: The performance of the rules is high enough to provide real-time detection of anomalies based on several criteria, including multiple sources, transaction values, card-use frequency, merchant and location of the charges. If implemented new detection policies can be activated in hours, instead of months, helping to reduce lost revenue and increase customer satisfaction and provides safety in online transaction.

Da Vincis The Mona Lisa Essay -- Visual Arts Paintings Art Da Vinci J

Da Vinci's The Mona Lisa When I first look at the ‘Mona Lisa’, I notice the intriguing look that is on her face. The expression is one that reminds me of a lady that is neither happy nor sad, smiling nor frowning. Her skin is very smooth and she has no blemishes, but also she has no eyebrows, which makes her look quite strange. At different times the expression on Mona Lisa changes. Sometimes she is giving a cheeky smile and others she looks puzzled. This is very strange and almost magical. Also, when looking at the Mona Lisa, I notice that her face is bathed in light. This light is almost heavenly and gives the impression that she is angelic. But on the contrary, another thing I notice is the dark clothing and gloomy mysterious background setting. The dark clothing and the veil covering her hair give the impression that she has been to a funeral or is in mourning. The background setting is very mysterious. The winding roads, ravenous mountains and the gloomy fog all add to the mystery. It is as if the background is right out of a fantasy story. Another weird thing that the background does is makes the beholder unsure on which time of day it is in the picture. The painting is Oil on a poplar wood panel. This was Da Vinci’s main style. It may have helped to create the Sfumato technique. The size of the painting is 77cm x 53cm, this is quite a small size for such a great painting. Da Vinci may have done this to make it look more lifelike so the beh...

Prepared Remarks of President Barack Obama: Back to School Event

On the 8th of September 2009, President Barack Obama held a speech at Wakefield High School in Arlington, Virginia, in which he stressed the importance of education. The speech was broadcasted nationally and students were tuning in all across America, kindergarten through 12th grade. His speech makes it very clear that you simply cannot quit school and skip classes because â€Å"you’re not just quitting on yourself, you’re quitting on your country†.President Obama would like to motivate all the students who were listening and that feeling of importance, which the sentence above is showing, might be the exact motivator for that to happen. This paper will analyse and comment on the speech and focus on the way President Obama addresses his audience. The composition of the speech is pretty much straightforward and not problematic nor complex. It is started by a short presentation followed by the message of the speech, well-documented with different arguments which su pport each part of the message.It ends with a short summary which sums it all up. This is a necessity given the fact that the audience is – as mentioned – students of all age. His language is very easy to understand and he doesn’t use neither imagery language nor hypotactic sentence structure where he referrers to something that isn’t mentioned. If this wasn’t the case, large parts of the audience might not understand the message the speech is trying to show, and the speech would be useless for them.Since the audience is a group of students – large amount in a small age – he tries to make himself likeable. This is seen in the anecdote about his own childhood and hard upbringing. Throughout the speech, President Obama takes great use of pathos as a persuasion mean which means that he appeals to both emotions and feelings: â€Å"And even when you’re struggling, even when you’re discouraged, and you feel like other people have given up on you – don’t ever give up yourself. , President Obama is using pathos as the main way of persuasion since people are more likely to agree when they’re emotional. There are, however, several places where he appeals to ethos by expressing his own equality to the rest of the audience: â€Å"[†¦] how’s everybody doing today? †, as he opens the speech in this way, he sets the scene and tries to get rid of his authority as the most powerful man in the world since no one likes to be talked down to. President Obama mentions all the different grades of the same reason; he doesn’t want to talk down to them.President Obamas main point is that all students have to work hard in order to reach success and get a good education. Education is the only â€Å"real† way out of poverty, unemployment and trouble. His argument for this statement is that without an education and hard work, you can’t be something in life; jobs and money doesn’t come from nothing, even though several Hollywood-movies and TV-series might express that. Furthermore, he stresses the importance of responsibility.Not only for your own actions, but also for the responsibility your teachers should to inspire you, your family to support you and make sure you stay on track, and the government’s responsibility for setting high standards and provide whatever it takes to raise the bar for educational standards. However, all of this doesn’t mean much if you don’t take the responsibility of yourself and your education. He describes how every single one of us has something to contribute: â€Å"Every single one of you has something to offer†.Hereafter he even gives several examples of opportunities which might occur for someone who has found her/his hidden talent. This also referrers to the â€Å"don’t quit, don’t skip, stay in school† message he’s trying to embrace. The next part of the speech is once again used to make President Obama identifiable. He knows how hard life can be, since he himself had to break the negative heritage; his parents didn’t have an college education and didn’t have much, however, â€Å"That’s no excuse for not trying. †, he says. There is, in fact no real excuse for quitting school.He even mentions the American Dream in his speech which is based on the belief that everyone is their own happiness and future. He mentions 3 different people, who have been struggling; nevertheless, their future seems to be bright after their hard work! This is yet another motivator and proof for the people who think their background and personal issues sets them behind. Barack Obama uses a lot of different rhetorical techniques in order to create an environment in which his young audience feels comfortable in; furthermore, it makes his argumentation a lot more convincing.In lines 164-165 he keeps repeating â€Å"I expect [à ¢â‚¬ ¦]†, which sets the bars for the upcoming year. I believe he does this because he has an authority. As much as he tries to hide it, he also uses it. If it was a general John Doe who said â€Å"I expect this and that from you†, what purpose would it have? The audience wouldn’t listen! You could say that Barack Obama is a role model for a lot of people – if not a whole nation: he’s the first black president and worked his way up from nothing. President Obama is rying to make the distance between him – and his authority – and the audience as small as possible by making a lot of comparisons and relations. The words â€Å"I get it† and â€Å"I know† is not put there for no reason. By decreasing the gap between him and the audience, his authority is more in the background, and he is now a person whom you can relate to, and not the most powerful man on the world. In America, national sentiment isn’t very uncommon, an d the responsibility which a lot of people feel toward their country is a mean to motivate people.Therefore, the argument: â€Å"you’re not just quitting on yourself, you’re quitting on your country† is one powerful motivator. I feel that the speech is indeed influenced by American thinking, however, it all makes sense; even in my head. He stresses the importance of education, and that is something each and every country has a necessity to do; perhaps he has found the way to actually communicate the message? ——————————————– [ 1 ]. line 65 [ 2 ]. line 147-149 [ 3 ]. lines 36-37 [ 4 ]. lines 92-107 ï » ¿Prepared Remarks of President Barack Obama: Back to school Event One of the most important and discussed topics in politics has always been education because of its decisive role in society. Education is the key stone for the generations to come and well educated citizens are a necessity for a successful society in the 21st century. Politicians also make education a high priority because they know it is where votes can be drawn. A politician who also is concerned about the matter of education is President Barrack Obama. And in his speech â€Å"Prepared Remarks of President Barack Obama: Back to School Event† held in Arlington, Virginia on September 8, 2009, he addresses to the Americans students the importance of education and emphasizes that the responsibility to do well in school lies with the students themselves.This is a responsibility that they have to meet, not only for their own sake but for the sake of their country. President Obama emphasizes the importance of education and self-responsibility to children from kindergarten to 12th grade. Children at that age can be difficult to address to, especially with such a big size of group, so Obama must use various approaches to make it possible. He talks to them as an equal so young audience can identify with him and not only see him as the President. He uses a simple and informal language with many repetitions and examples they can relate to. He starts out by saying â€Å"Hello everyone – how’s everybody doing today?†(Page 1, line 1). He speaks directly to the audience to get their attention.He needs the attention from the children and hold on them to get through with his message. He does that by gaining their respect for him and shows that he sincerely cares about them. In the beginning of the speech Obama tells about his story from when he was young. How he was raised by his mother who did not had any money to take him to school, so she had to give him lessons at home at 4:30 in the morning. He also mentions things he did he is not proud of th at got him in troubles. Then Obama shares and opens up about his personal stories, he uses ethos in his arguments to increase his reliability with the audience. It makes it easier for Obama to get through with his message when the people he talks to have his respect.Obama starts stressing his message after he has achieved the audience’s attention. Obama has two main messages in his speech. The first one is that the self-responsibility of the education lies with the student. Maybe the  parents and the teachers also have some responsibility for the student, but it all comes the student â€Å"none of it will matter unless all of you fulfill your responsibilities†(Page 2, line 30). The students will not have everything served for them; it is their turn to take action and take responsibility for their choices. The second one is that the students also have a responsibility for the nation. The nation depends on the students to get a well education.The future of the nation l ies with the students to be a functional part of the US society so the nation can operate and compete â€Å"What you’re learning in school today will determine whether we as a nation can meet our greatest challenges in the future.†(Page 2, lines 52-54). Obama is addressing to the students patriotic American inside them. Most American is raised to be patriotic and Obama knows hot to make use of it. Everybody wants to be a part of something that has an influence on the nation, and every student has the responsibility to their nation â€Å"We need every single one of you to develop your talents, skills and intellect †¦ If you don’t do that – if you quit on school – you’re not just quitting on yourself, you’re quitting on your country.†(Page 2, lines 62-64).Obama begins to speak about how hard work is the most important key to success. Everybody has the opportunity to succeed. Here he indirectly refers to the American Dream; w ith hard work you can accomplish everything. â€Å"Where you are right now doesn’t have to determine where you’ll end up. No one’s written your destiny for you. Here in America, you write your own destiny. You make your own future.†(Page 3, lines 88-90).He uses himself and Michelle Obama, the first lady, while using pathos as examples of people who started from the button with bad conditions and build up to become successful. He comes up with three other cases than himself:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Jazmin, Andoni and Shantell aren’t any different from any of you. They faced challenges in their lives just like you do. But they refused to give up. They chose to take responsibility for their education and set goals for themselves. And i expect all of you to do the same†(Page 4, lines 105-107)Obama uses the sponsorship effect to create ethos. He also uses Michael Jordan’s and J. K. Rowling’s story to get it out that you cannot succeed without fail ing. Obama uses persons who are idol to many so they get inspired to try to accomplish the same success. He wants the students to understand that if they want to be successful, they need to set goals for themselves and take responsibility for their education for that to happen. Throughout the speech, Obama uses a number of different strategies to affect the broad group of audience. By use concrete example they can relate to with a language everybody is able to understand, he inspires and motivates the young people who is the future of the USA.

Human History of the Grand Teton Essay

Human history of the Grand Teton region dates back at least 11,000 years, when the first nomadic hunter-gatherer Paleo-Indians would migrate into the region during warmer months in pursuit of food and supplies. In the early 19th-century, the first Caucasian explorers encountered the eastern Shoshone natives. Between 1810 and 1840, the region attracted fur trading companies that vied for control of the lucrative beaver fur trade. U.S. Government expeditions to the region commenced in the mid 19th-century as an offshoot of exploration in Yellowstone, and the first permanent white settlers in Jackson Hole arrived in the 1880s. Efforts to preserve the region as a national park commenced in the late 19th-century and in 1929, Grand Teton National Park was established, protecting the major peaks of the Teton Range. The valley of Jackson Hole remained in private ownership until the 1930s, when conservationists led by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. began purchasing land in Jackson Hole to be added to the existing national park. Against public opinion and with repeated congressional efforts to repeal the measures, much of Jackson Hole was set aside for protection as Jackson Hole National Monument in 1943. The monument was abolished in 1950 and most of the monument land was added to Grand Teton National Park Grand Teton National Park is named for Grand Teton, the tallest mountain in the Teton Range. The naming of the mountains is attributed to early 19th-century French speaking trappers—†les trois tetons† (the three teats) was later anglicized and shortened to Tetons. At 13,775 feet (4,199 m), Grand Teton abruptly rises more than 7,000 feet (2,100 m) above Jackson Hole, almost 850 feet (260 m) higher than Mount Owen, the second highest summit in the range. The park has numerous lakes, including 15-mile (24 km) long Jackson Lake as well as streams of varying length and the upper main stem of the Snake River. Though in a state of recession, a dozen small glaciers persist at the higher elevations near the highest peaks in the range. Some of the rocks in the park are the oldest found in any U.S. National Park and have been dated at nearly 2.7 billion years.

SAT Modern Hebrew SAT Subject Test Information

SAT Modern Hebrew SAT Subject Test Information    × Ã— ªÃ—” מדב× ¨ × ¢Ã—‘× ¨Ã—™× ª ו×Å"× ªÃ— ¨Ã—’×  × ¢Ã—Å" ב× ¡Ã—™× ¡ × §Ã—‘ו× ¢? If you know how to answer this Hebrew question, then perhaps you better showcase that Hebrew talent and sign up for the SAT Hebrew Subject Test before you apply to the school of your choice. See below. Note: This test is not part of the SAT Reasoning Test, the popular college admissions exam. Nope. This is one of the many SAT Subject Tests, exams designed to showcase your particular talents in all sorts of fields. SAT Hebrew Subject Tests Basics Before you register for this test, here are the basics about your testing conditions: 60 minutes85 multiple-choice questions200-800 points possibleOffered once a year3 types of reading questions   SAT Hebrew Subject Test Skills So, whats on this thing? What kinds of skills are required? Here are the skills youll need in order to master this test.: Using parts of speech appropriatelyUnderstanding basic idiomsSelection of grammatically correct terminologyIdentifying main and supporting ideas, themes, style, tone, and the spatial and temporal settings of a passage. SAT Hebrew Subject Test Question Breakdown The test is broken down into Part A, Part B and Part C. Here are the types of questions those three parts contain: Vocabulary in Context: Approximately 28 questions Here, youll be given a sentence with a blank, and will be asked to choose the correct single-word response from one of four choices listed below. Grammar: Approximately 28 questions These questions provide you with a paragraph filled with blanks. Once you happen upon a blank, youll be asked to fill in that blank with an appropriate response from the choices below. Reading Comprehension: Approximately 34 questions These questions, most of which will be vocalized, will provide you with a passage. Youll be asked a question related to the passage, and will have to choose the correct response from the answer choices. Why Take the SAT Hebrew Subject Test? In some cases, youll need to, especially if youre considering choosing Hebrew, or a Hebrew-related field as a major in college. In other cases, its a great idea to take the Hebrew Subject Test so you can showcase bilingualism, which is a great way to round out an application. It shows the college admissions officers that you have more up your sleeve than your GPA, clubs or sports record. Plus, it can get you out of those entry-level language courses. Bonus! How to Prepare for the SAT Hebrew Subject Test To ace this thing, youll need at 2-4 years in Hebrew during high school, and youll want to take the test as close to the end of or during your most advanced Hebrew class you plan to take. Getting your high school Hebrew teacher to offer you some supplementary materials is always a good idea, too, and practicing speaking Hebrew whenever possible will only aid your test score since this is Modern Hebrew were talking about. Sample SAT Hebrew Subject Test Questions The College Board offers a couple of different places to find sample SAT Modern Hebrew Subject Test sample questions. College Boards Sample Modern Hebrew Practice Test College Boards printable PDF with answers Good Luck!

How language can be used or abused in persuasion

How language can be used or abused in persuasion Introduction This summary focuses on how language can be used or abused in persuasion. To achieve this task, three different articles from the unit covered are analyzed. These articles are How to Detect Propaganda by The Institute for Propaganda Analysis, Selection, Slanting, Charged Language by Birk and Genevieve, and Doubts about Doublespeak by William Lutz.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How language can be used or abused in persuasion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through this analysis, the techniques used by authors and speakers to control the effects of the message they are delivering, the pros and cons of these kinds of techniques, and the meaning of these messages for the listener or reader are illustrated. How to detect propaganda In this article, several techniques of how language can be used or abused in persuasion through propaganda have been highlighted (â€Å"The Institute for Propaganda Analysisà ¢â‚¬  1). The author analyses seven common techniques used by individuals to bend the truth and minds of other individuals for political reasons. The techniques identified by the author are name calling approach, glittering general approach, testimonial approach, plain folk’s approach, card-stacking approach, and the bandwagon approach. I believe that listeners can be able to differentiate between propaganda and facts from authors or speakers’ words if they can recognize these techniques. Using these techniques, authors and speakers manage to control the effects of the message they are delivering. Through name calling techniques, listeners or readers can come up with judgments on the messages delivered to them without examining the evidence behind them. With the use of the technique, a propagandist can appeal to the listeners or readers’ hatred and fright (â€Å"The Institute for Propaganda Analysis† 2). This is achieved by branding horrible names on tho se individuals, ethnic communities, religions, or races the propagandist wishes us to condemn. This technique can fuel animosity between individuals, ethnic communities, nationalities, and races. As such, rogue politicians and warlords use this technique to trigger animosity between different communities. Another technique highlighted in the article is glittering generalities (â€Å"The Institute for Propaganda Analysis†3). Through this technique, the propagandist classifies his or her program with the use of virtue words. By doing so, he or she captures the audience’s emotions of love, generosity, and goodwill. As such, this technique makes them approve the message delivered to them without analyzing on the evidence. The disadvantage of this technique is that it may cause animosity against communities whenever applied by rogue individuals. For instance, if a certain community is portrayed using the word bad other communities will see evil in it. Through this, animosit y may arise.Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The transfer technique enables the propagandists to reschedule the power, permit, and status of something we admire for something he or she would have the audience believe. Testimonial technique allows the propagandist to make the audience believe in anything. Cigarette makers in their adverts exploit this technique. Plain folks enable the propagandists who are normally the politicians, labor leaders, and businesspersons to win the audience’s trust by imitating their lifestyles. Usually, during election periods politicians emulate their voters’ behaviors and become closer to them than they are usually to win their confidence. Through card stacking technique, the propagandist employs deceptive skills to win readers or listener’s efforts for his or her interests. Lastly, with the aid of the bandwagon technique a propagandist can make the audience follow a specific multitude. This technique was exploited during war times and peacetimes in the past. Currently, it plays a huge role in the marketing industry. I believe that all propaganda is bad since they utilize peoples emotions without their knowledge. Selection, slanting, and charged language In this article, the author emphasizes that authors and speakers should be aware of the words they use in their works because they indicate their personal feelings, values, and attitudes towards their subjects (Birk Genevieve 1). Equally as readers and listeners, we should be watchful to the slight authorities of charged language to avoid being vulnerable to these authors and speakers. In this article, Birk asserts that authors and speakers should understand the basic principles of selection, slanting, and charged language used to control the effects of the message they are delivering. Concerning selection, Birk asserts that what we expressed eithe r in words or in writings is influenced by the principle of selection. This implies that as we observe, the doctrine of selection decides what we internalize. Similarly, these processes determine what readers or audience will remember in the days to come. Therefore, speakers should understand their audience if they wish to control the effects of the message they are delivering, as the messages taken from one audience to another vary and may cause confusions. The second process of selection mentioned by Birk is slanting. Birk asserts that after the selection process is done in our brains, slanting process may be commenced. According to the author, slanting is defined as the course of choosing facts, words, and accent to accomplish the objective of the communicator (Birk Genevieve 3).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How language can be used or abused in persuasion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the final part of this article, the author focuses on slanting and charged language (Birk Genevieve 5). He describes charged language as the verbal communication used when slanting of facts, words, or emphasis affects a decision concerning a subject. This technique is often used when one wants to express inner knowledge, feelings, or attitudes. According to Birk, the disadvantages associated with this approach are evidenced in dishonest propaganda published in some editorials or magazines often by politicians and effusive salespersons (Birk Genevieve 5). Birk suggests that despite its disadvantages, we should find a way of living with charged language because it shapes our attitudes and values. Equally, it gives direction to our actions. By so doing, we manage to set up and uphold our relations with other individuals. This implies that in the absence of charged language, life would be different and hectic (Birk Genevieve 5). Doubts about doublespeak The article asserts that doublespeak is a verba l communication, which act as if converses but does not (Lutz 1). As such, it is a verbal communication that makes good seem bad and right seem left. This implies that doublespeak denies responsibility. In the article, Lutz highlights four techniques of doublespeak. These techniques can be employed by an author or speaker to change the meaning of the message he or she is delivering. Through euphemism authors or speakers uses specific words and phrases in their speeches and writings to avoid the use of offensive words or reality. Through this technique, an author or speaker can mislead the targeted audience or readers. It should be noted that these specific words become euphemism when they are used with the sole intention of deceiving or misleading. The advantages of these techniques are that it allows the speakers or authors to avoid embarrassing situations or mentioning offensive words, which might attract heated debates. The disadvantage of this technique is that its usage often l eads to confusion among the listeners or readers. Another technique mention by Lutz is jargon. Jargon is a language used by professionals among themselves (Lutz 3). The advantage of jargon is that it allows members of similar professionals to communicate with each other clearly, efficiently and secretly. Another advantage associated with this technique is that it gives their users a sense of belonging to their professions.Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lutz asserts that when a professional among non-professionals uses jargons, the words become doublespeak. A major disadvantage of this technique is that it makes non-users to feel rejected in a group. Similarly, many individuals perceive those using jargons to be having concealed schemes. The third technique mention by Lutz in the article is gobbledygook. This method is achieved by overwhelming the audience with words that they can hardly comprehend. This technique is usually used in written materials. Gobbledygook words or phrases are usually overused that they have become uninteresting. However, for authors or speakers with the aim of confusing their audience or writers, gobbledygook will come in handy. The fourth technique mentioned by Lutz in the article is inflated language (Lutz 4). This technique is normally used so that things may seem different from the way they are in the minds of the listeners or readers. These words are often used to impress the listeners and the readers into thinking that the author or the speaker is more educated than he is or she seems. However, when overused they lead to confusion among the readers or listeners. Birk, Newman, and Genevieve Birk. Selection, Slanting, Charged Language. mattskillen.com. Version 1. N.p., 8 Nov. 2012. Web. mattskillen.com/attachments/article/127/Selection%20Slanting%20and%20Ch ged%20Language.pdf. Lutz, William . Doubts About Doublespeak. engcomp.wikispaces.com. Version 1. N.p., 10 July 2010. Web. smcc engcomp.wikispaces.com/file/view/DoublespeakEss.pdf. The Institute for Propaganda Analysis. How to Detect Propaganda. myteacherpages.com . N.p., 26 June 2007. Web. www.myteacherpages.com/webpages/rgunnar/files/How%20To%20Detect%2 Propaganda.pdf.

French Sequence of Tenses - Concordance des Temps

French Sequence of Tenses - Concordance des Temps Note:  This is a fairly advanced French lesson. If you are not comfortable with all of the grammar concepts listed to the right, please click the links to study those prerequisites before attempting this lesson. Prerequisites:Verb tenses: Present, Passà ©Ã‚  composà ©, Imperfect, Pluperfect, Future, Literary tensesVerb moods: Subjunctive, Conditional, ImperativeConjunctions, Relative pronouns, Subordinate clauses, Si clauses, Indirect speech When speaking French (or any other language), it is important to use the correct sequence of tenses. In complex sentences, there is a relationship between the verb in the main clause and the verb in the subordinate clause. Using the correct sequence of tenses is just as important as conjugating the verbs correctly and using the appropriate mood. For example, in French you cant say  Je ne savais pas que tu es à ©tudiant- you have to say  Je ne savais pas que tu à ©tais à ©tudiant. Likewise, in English, you would say I didnt know you were a student rather than I didnt know that you are a student. Because the verb in the main clause is in the past, the verb in the subordinate clause must be in the past as well. In order to determine the correct sequence of tenses, you need to start by examining the temporal relationship between the verbs in the two clauses. The action of the verb in the main clause may occur  before,  during, or  after  the action of the subordinate verb. It is this temporal relationship that dictates the sequence of tenses. Although the French sequence of tenses is usually the same as the English sequence, there are some exceptions, so dont rely on your English knowledge to determine the correct sequence of tenses in French. The following table shows the possible relationships between the tenses in the main and subordinate clauses. The action column indicates whether the action of the main verb occurs before, during, or after the action of the subordinate verb. Note that you often have a choice of tenses for the subordinate verb, thus it is up to you to choose the tense that expresses the correct nuance. At the same time (pardon the pun), you also need to be sure to use the correct mood: indicative, subjunctive, or conditional. Main verb Action Subordinate verb Present before Future Jespre que tu finiras. Subjunctive Je veux que tu finisses. during Present Je sais que tu as raison. Subjunctive Je doute que tu aies raison. after Pass compos Je sais quil a trich. Pass simple Je sais quil tricha. Imperfect Je sais quil avait raison. Pluperfect Je sais quil avait mang avant notre dpart. Past subjunctive Je doute quil ait trich. Future perfect Je sais quil sera dj parti. Future before Future Je te donnerai un livre que tu aimeras beaucoup. Subjunctive Jirai lecole avant quil ne se rveille. during Present Il tudiera pendant que je travaille. Subjunctive Je lachterai bien que tu aies plus dargent. after Pass compos Jirai au muse que tu as visit. Pass simple Jirai au muse que tu visitas. Imperfect Je verrai le film que tu aimais. Pluperfect Jaffirmerai quil tait parti avant le cours. Past subjunctive Je serai content condition quils aient tudi. Future perfect Je vous dirai quand nous aurons dcid. Note that the sequence of tenses for subordinate clauses is identical for main clauses in the present and future. Main verb Action Subordinate verb Past before Conditional Jai promis quil serait prt midi. Past conditional Si javais su, je taurais aid. *Imperfect subjunctive Je doutais quil parlt si bien. Present subjunctive Je doutais quil parle si bien. during Pass compos Jtudiais quand il est arriv. Pass simple Jtudiais quand il arriva. Imperfect Je savais quil exaggrait. *Imperfect subjunctive Je voulais quil et raison. Present subjunctive Je voulais quil ait raison. after Pluperfect Je savais quil avait trich. *Pluperfect subjunctive Je doutais quil et trich. Past subjunctive Je doutais quil ait trich. Conditional before *Imperfect subjunctive Je voudrais que tu le fisses. Present subjunctive Je voudrais que tu le fasses. during *Imperfect subjunctive Je saurais quil mentt. Present subjunctive Je saurais quil mente. after *Pluperfect subjunctive Je saurais quil et menti Past subjunctive Je saurais quil ait menti. *These literary tenses are nearly always replaced by their non-literary equivalents. The literary tense is the official tense to be used in the construction, but in reality, the imperfect subjunctive and pluperfect subjunctive are obsolete in spoken French and rare in written French.

Alice Walker's Everyday Use Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Alice Walker's Everyday Use - Essay Example Maggie is comfortable with who she is as a person and is proud of her family’s heritage. While she may be self-conscious of the burns and scars left by the fire, and she may be edgy about Dee’s opinion of her appearance, she still accepts herself as she is, knowing that it cannot be changed. She still manages to wear her family name with pride despite the bad hand she has been dealt. Dee, on the other hand, believes that she is above her own heritage, doing what she must to keep herself separated from the life that her younger sister leads. This can be seen when Dee changes her name to Wangero, because she â€Å"couldn’t bear it any longer, being named after that people who oppress† her. Dee changes what she can about herself because she is not pleased with the person she was raised to be. Similarly, Maggie wants to keep one of the family quilts because it has meaning to her. Dee, however, does not think that Maggie has the kind of love to her heritage tha t she has and demands the quilt for herself. Dee’s very personality makes it known that she has little love for her heritage and has an ulterior motive for wanting the quilt -- if she has it, Maggie cannot. Instead of arguing, Maggie agrees to give up the quilt that was rightfully hers, stating that she could take another quilt.

Importance of supervision in the workplace Research Paper

Importance of supervision in the workplace - Research Paper Example This small restaurant is among the favorite restaurants frequented by students from Fordham University. The menu comprises of snacks, entrees and drinks. This restaurant is unique as a buffet is located near the entrance whereby workers are line up with the main objective of providing quality service to the restaurant’s daily customers. A burrito bar is adjacent to the buffet. This burrito bar has all the items needed to make a burrito or a sandwich. The room adjacent the burrito bar towards the interior holds a machine packed with fountain beverages .This room also contains the soup and salad bar. The restaurant also contains a dining room with a table put near the register that acts as a resting place for the workers during breaks. The dining room holds three television sets with one connected near this table. It is also important to assert that the observations were performed in this area. Observation My observation for this report took four days to complete. The first thre e days of the observation were done with the absence of the head supervisor, Kimberly. Observation on the fourth day was done in the presence of Kimberly. This is attributed to the fact that Kimberly was on vacation on the first three days of the observation. Kimberly is an African American female aged twenty nine. She has a Bachelor of Science degree in Food Science, Nutrition, and Dietetics. The observation included taking notes on the different jobs as well as the special tasks that the employees were expected to carry out. The observation elucidated many jobs including cooks (four), entree servers (two), floor cleaners, pizza servers (one), salad bar runner (one), burrito makers and servers (two), cashier (one), dish washers (four), food runner (one), and student managers (eight). The work of the food runner involved transporting food from downstairs to upstairs. Gender roles As may be expected the jobs are distributed differently among the sexes. Serving and distributing food i s for the females. For instance, only females serve entree and burritos. Their job involves cutting food in distinct ways that are catching to the eyes due to their improved appearance. Mary and Jane, both from African origins were the experts in serving entree and burritos. Mary is twenty seven years old and a Kenyan while Jane is a twenty nine lady from Ghana. Both Mary and Jane have finished three years courses in catering and have both worked in this restaurant for one year. It is therefore hard to find a man serving and distributing food. On the other hand, males are involved in jobs necessitating lifting. For instance beverage worker are males are they are capable of lifting bags of syrup that are used in fountain beverage machines. Other roles associated with men include food runners since the task calls for heavy lifting at times. The floor jobs are also usually for men as they involve a lot of sweeping, moping, and lifting heavy garbage bags. One of the most respected clean er was George, a Mexican. George is forty years old, married, and a father of three. He is heralded as being one of the most behaved workers in the restaurant and has worked there for eight years. Therefore, gender roles seem to play an important aspect in deciding the duties of each and every employee. As asserted by Jeffrey and Streicher, â€Å"

An American Prisoner of War, World War II, Held by the Japanese Research Paper

An American Prisoner of War, World War II, Held by the Japanese - Research Paper Example Even I had been getting letters quite frequently from my family in Wisconsin, but circumstances, kept me from going back even after United States had declared war on the Japanese. The canons were now faced in the direction of the seas and the British Navy were ready for the Japanese onslaught – or at least, they thought they were, until the day of reckoning for a thousand Singaporeans came on 8th February, 2942. The British troops were outsmarted by the Japanese as their troops made their way into Singapore on bicycles and after making their way through the heavy marshes and swamps of the Malay Peninsula, the Japanese took the British army by surprise. There were many stories going on about the barbarity of the Japanese army and word got around that the Japanese were not interested in taking prisoners any more. i A pamphlet was distributed amongst the Japanese that I also got to see for myself, which apparently was an ominous command that specifically told them to see their victims as the murderers of their fathers and not hold themselves back from killing them, which will lighten their hearts. ii I only understood the real meaning of the text after I was forced to learn Japanese in the camps, but these were just the tip of the ice berg of the blatant savagery that they had inflicted on the people there. This spelled a disaster for everyone in the peninsula and being on the outskirts of Bukit Timah, I had become accustomed to the sounds of gun shots and explosion in the distance. The violence was rapidly expanding. The Singaporeans put up a final stand against Japan in the battle of Bukit Chandu headed by General Adnan, where the Japanese disguised themselves as Punjabi troops and were compromised. Despite the fact that the Punjabi troops launched an excellent defensive attack, they outmaneuvered by the Japanese and then their

Three-river-source ecological environment protection strategy Essay

Three-river-source ecological environment protection strategy - Essay Example To achieve ecological and environmental protection in this region, an innovative environmental protection strategy is required. New developments in environmental policy, coupled with a new global awareness are sure to help the environmental cause. The establishment of a permanent ecological conservation zone will serve as a model for the region. The establishment of the Three-River source region’s ecological protection foundation is crucial, and so is building a long-term ecological environment compensation policy. The compensation policy serves for relocating people, who depend on the region, to towns and cities, in order to restore its rivers’ ecological environment. The establishment of an ecological conservation zone has become an important protection activity in natural areas around the world. The establishment of an ecological conservation zone is not only beneficial for conserving the flora and fauna, but it also generates economic benefits for communities living in rural and remote areas. Generally speaking, conservation strives to practice the sensible use of natural resources and maintains the biological diversity. It limits the adverse effects of human activities by establishing an ecological conservation zone. It serves to restore timber, improve water quality and provide an area to graze livestock. Conservation practice concerns all kinds of disciplines. It is relevant for subjects- such as philosophy, economics, and sociology - that are concerned with the social environment.

Marketing Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Marketing Communications - Essay Example The strategy and organization of the advertising campaign is what determines the success of a business as it works as a tool of communication for those who are looking for specific products or services. Not only does advertising work in any economy, but it also provides a basis for whether a business can succeed or fail within their given community. The history of advertising is one that notes techniques and tools that remain consistent. At times, these become renamed as specific theories or innovations. However, the changes with advertising campaigns are essentially based on changes in tools available and through the new avenues used to reach others. The essence of advertising has remained the same, which is to use different forms of media to communicate to others about a service or product. Advertising first became popular in Britain in the 1870s and was defined as a business finding prospective customers who could turn into clients. As the industrial age began to form, new advertising forms and options for communicating to customers also became popular, specifically because of the quantity of products which began to develop. An example of this development in the 1890s came from Pinkhams who hired the first advertising agent. In 10 years, the campaigns that were produced cost an average of 44% of revenue for the company; howe ver, the increase in the company went up by 2500%. Other businesses in the same arena began to go out of business from this concept, which pushed many into the need to have advertising available (Fox, 20). The concept of advertising then changed from a basic formula of communicating with customers to having a specific advertising individual working in the office. By the mid – 1900s, there were advertising individuals who were in offices, specifically to create ads for newspapers and later on TVs. The transformation of businesses was one that began to rely on advertising to increase profits and to find new formulas to reaching

Three-river-source ecological environment protection strategy Essay

Three-river-source ecological environment protection strategy - Essay Example To achieve ecological and environmental protection in this region, an innovative environmental protection strategy is required. New developments in environmental policy, coupled with a new global awareness are sure to help the environmental cause. The establishment of a permanent ecological conservation zone will serve as a model for the region. The establishment of the Three-River source region’s ecological protection foundation is crucial, and so is building a long-term ecological environment compensation policy. The compensation policy serves for relocating people, who depend on the region, to towns and cities, in order to restore its rivers’ ecological environment. The establishment of an ecological conservation zone has become an important protection activity in natural areas around the world. The establishment of an ecological conservation zone is not only beneficial for conserving the flora and fauna, but it also generates economic benefits for communities living in rural and remote areas. Generally speaking, conservation strives to practice the sensible use of natural resources and maintains the biological diversity. It limits the adverse effects of human activities by establishing an ecological conservation zone. It serves to restore timber, improve water quality and provide an area to graze livestock. Conservation practice concerns all kinds of disciplines. It is relevant for subjects- such as philosophy, economics, and sociology - that are concerned with the social environment.

Measurement and Instruments for a Quantitative Research Plan Coursework - 1

Measurement and Instruments for a Quantitative Research Plan - Coursework Example It is against this background that the levels of measurement to be selected for the study would follow the principle of ordinal scale of measurement. This means that grading shall be assigned to the students according to their performance rate. The levels of measurement shall therefore be a grading system to be tagged or labeled as ‘A’, ‘B’, and ‘F’. As an ordinal scale, these levels of measurement shall be directly linked or related to the performance rate of students. In the given situation, students who score grade ‘A’ shall be given the classes they applied for whiles students who score ‘B’ shall be placed in one class below the class they applied for. Finally, students scoring ‘F’ shall be rejected a place in the schools. Given the levels of measurement that will be used in the study, the researcher shall design a multiple-indicator instrument or test. The multiple-indicator instrument will be used because it has the potential of ensuring validity on a number of scales. Cherry (2012) explains that â€Å"When a test has content validity, the items on the test represent the entire range of possible items the test should cover.† This means that the study shall ensure content validity by setting out questions to cover all aspects of the course content to be given to the students (Rodchua, 2009). By so doing, the test items shall represent the entire range of possible items because no aspect of the course content shall be left out. On empirical validity, it has been said that for empirical validity to be achieved, it is important that the researcher creates a criteria with which the results obtained can be compared for confirmation (Cheng, 2009). In the present study, the empirical validity can be measured by means of comparing the scores of the test, to the continuous assessment results that the students will bring from their respective

The Triangle Fire Essay Example for Free

The Triangle Fire Essay On November 22rd, 1909 Clara Lemlich of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union provokes, through her words, a general strike of Women Garment workers1. Within two days of her speech, 20,000 shirtwaist makers had walked off their jobs. By February of 1910 most of the companies recognize and grant the demands of the union. All except the owners of The Triangle Shirtwaist Company, Max Blanck and Issac Harris, while they agreed to shorter hours and higher wages, they refused to recognize the union, and their concessions did not equal those of the other business owners2. Then, on March 25th, 1911 the most tragic event of New York City’s twentieth century occurred; a fire broke out in the Triangle Waist Company. This horrific loss of life was observed by many onlookers and resulted in the tragic demise of 146 workers, mostly young woman immigrants who either burned to death, or chose to die by jumping from the eighth, ninth and tenth floors of the Asch building3. This fire and the public observance of lives lost was the greatest tragedy of the time, it had a direct impact on society, it led to political reform and most importantly, changes in legislation that ensured the reform of the work place across our entire nation. This observed tragedy united a society that until then was divided by cultural and economical differences. On April Sixth, 1911 over 350,000 people participated in the funeral march for the seven unidentified victims of the fire. Mrs. Raymond Robins the head of the National Trade Union League traveled from Chicago to take part in the processional. There was representation from  the suffragists, and the Socialists, the poor and the rich. In the pouring rain, people from all cultures, races and religions gathered to pay respect for all the lives lost4. These people and people across the nation, having seen or read about this tragedy came together and united to ensure nothing  like this would ever happen again. The public outcry following the fire stirred the politics and the politicians of this time. No one wanted to take responsibility for the tragedy. The governor of New York blamed the city, the mayor refused to even visit the site, political cartoons bashed the current leadership and controversy prevailed5. The city government had in the past worked together with the police to protect the Triangle Shirt Company and it’s owners. The party of Tammany Hall quickly realized they would need to change their position, and focused on a new stance of reform6. These leaders who historically supported boss politics, were collectively responsible for this tragedy and be it through guilt, or public demand they led the change and were themselves, changed by the tragic fire. The public outcry and demand for reformation of the workplace was finally being heard and acted upon. Pushed by the already publically developed and supported Committee of Safety, the party of Tammany established The Factory Investigating Commission (FIC), which led the legislation and laws related to workplace reform. The commission mandated workplace health and safety by establishing workplace laws and regulations related to fire prevention and safety, woman and children, sanitary conditions, work hours, injury  prevention, compensation, and the construction and use of buildings; the commission implemented and was responsible for the changes that the people had demanded. The young workers that perished in The Triangle Fire were among those who initially fought for the reform, they unwillingly gave their lives for the cause. It was however, this loss that led society to demand safer working conditions. Because of these 146 souls work became a safer, fairer place for all people. The laws and legislation still govern businesses and corporations. The Triangle Fire was and still is, a tragically ironic  humanity-altering event. 1. Jo Ann E. Argersinger, The Triangle Fire (Boston, Bedford/St. Martins, 2009), 13. 2. Jo Ann E. Argersinger, The Triangle Fire (Boston, Bedford/St. Martins, 2009), 16. 3. Jo Ann E. Argersinger, The Triangle Fire (Boston, Bedford/St. Martins, 2009), 16. 4. Jo Ann E. Argersinger, The Triangle Fire (Boston, Bedford/St. Martins, 2009), 89. 5. Jo Ann E. Argersinger, The Triangle Fire (Boston, Bedford/St. Martins, 2009), 26. 6. Jo Ann E. Argersinger, The Triangle Fire (Boston, Bedford/St. Martins, 2009), 102. 4

A Partir De L Exemple De Rennes French Essay

A Partir De L Exemple De Rennes French Essay Lagriculture face à   lurbanisation intensive des mà ©tropoles A partir de lexemple de Rennes et Saint-Jacques -de-la-lande INTRODUCTION Lorsque lurbanisation et lagriculture se disputent les mà ªmes terres, saffrontent alors des mondes, des mentalità ©s diffà ©rentes difficiles à   faire cohabiter. Du fait de son caractà ¨re multifonctionnel, lespace rural est en perpà ©tuel tension entre une fonction à ©conomique (de productività ©) et une fonction rà ©sidentielle ou de loisir, mais aussi une fonction de conservation (prà ©servation de la biodiversità ©, entretien du paysage). Dans ce contexte comment est-il possible de concevoir la cohabitation sur un mà ªme territoire, de modes de vie diffà ©rents? Quel processus damà ©nagement territorial peut à ªtre envisagà © pour concilier les diffà ©rentes pratiques de ces lieux entre urbanisation et nature? Parce que les campagnes tendent à   se densifier. La rurbanisation produit une consommation excessive despaces naturels, elle fragmente les parcelles cultivables et les consume petit à   petit. Le paysage sen trouve modifià ©, car lespace rural tire sont paysage de sa fonction premià ¨re, lagriculture, cest elle qui faà §onne le territoire. Paradoxalement, la venu de nouvelles habitation dans lespace rural dà ©truit ce pourquoi mà ªme elles sont venues : le paysage. Que devient la campagne si elle est urbanisà ©e de la mà ªme faà §on que la pà ©riphà ©rie proche des villes ? Si le prix du foncier ne produit rien dautre que des zones pavillonnaires en tous points identique à   celle de nos villes. Pour rà ©pondre à   cette demande de nature il est indispensable de penser la ville et la campagne comme une seule et mà ªme entità ©, un systà ¨me global oà ¹ lune est dà ©pendante de lautre. En effet la campagne doit à ªtre pensà ©e comme le garde mangà © de la ville pour des raisons de sà ©curità © alimentaire et à ©conomique, dans un contexte oà ¹ les produits lointains seront de plus en plus soumis aux taxations carbone. Hypothà ¨ses Lespace rural ne peut plus à ªtre considà ©rà © comme un vide ou une rà ©serve foncià ¨re, il doit à ªtre pensà © dans un systà ¨me global oà ¹ rural et urbain forme un tout. En effet dans le contexte à ©conomique actuel les villes redeviennent dà ©pendantes de leur arrià ¨re pays. Il faut donc rà ©interroger le systà ¨me de gouvernance à   là ©chelle mà ©tropolitaine oà ¹ la mise en place dune politique globale permettrait de recrà ©er du lien entre lurbain et le rural. Lespace rural a dà ©jà   un caractà ¨re multifonctionnel, il regroupe diffà ©rentes fonctions. Une fonction productive, rà ©sidentielle et de prà ©servation de lenvironnement. La cohabitation de ces diffà ©rentes fonctions gà ©nà ¨re des conflits au sein de cet espace. Une plus grande coordination entre les diffà ©rents acteurs de lespace rural permettrait une meilleure cohabitation des ces usages. La rà ©alisation de diagnostique propre à   chaque territoire ayant pour but la prà ©servation de lagriculture, avec une fonction de production mais aussi crà ©atrice de paysage, respectueuse de lenvironnement, afin de proposer un cadre de vie de qualità ©. Afin de mieux comprendre et analyser ce phà ©nomà ¨ne, nous allons nous intà ©resser dans un premier temps à   la question de la grande à ©chelle, là ©chelle mà ©tropolitaine en se basant sur les projets du grand Paris et plus particulià ¨rement sur là ©tude dAntoine Grumbach. Dans un deuxià ¨me temps nous nous pencherons sur le cas du Plateau de Saclay oà ¹ une à ©tude a à ©tà © menà ©e pour montrer comment sest mis en place un processus de prise en compte de lespace agricole dans la construction paysagà ¨re du rural pà ©riurbain. I. Notre culture face à   la nature 1.1. Historique De tout temps lagriculture a à ©tà © à ©troitement lià ©e à   la ville. Depuis que la ville existe, que lhomme est sà ©dentaire, il produit sa nourriture au plus proche de son lieu de vie. Tant que lhomme est dà ©pourvu de moyens efficaces de dà ©placement pour transporter sa marchandise, les denrà ©es alimentaires sont cultivà ©es aux abords des villes. Là ©talement urbain nest pas un phà ©nomà ¨ne rà ©cent. Dà ¨s le Moyen-à ¢ge, les villes semblent dà ©jà   à ©clatà ©es, limage que lon a dune ville compacte est aussi dà » à   la reprà ©sentation que lon en a fait. Les perspectives dà ©poque sont des reprà ©sentations de villes compactes, oà ¹ les habitations dissà ©minà ©es ne figurent pas. Nayant pas le droit de cità © elles navaient pas non plus le droit de reprà ©sentation. A cette à ©poque la France a une logique de campagne, une multitude de villages distants de 3 à   5 km, distance parcourus actuellement en 5 à   10 minutes donc un rà ©seau quasi parfait qui sà ©tale sur toute le pays.[schà ©ma en à ©toile relation entre les villages] Ce systà ¨me, lià © à   la gà ©ologie, au paysage, aux forà ªts locales est quelque chose de trà ¨s encrà © dans la civilisation franà §aise. Cest le marqueur ADN de la France, un code fort reliant le pays. Tout repose sur cette logique. Nà ©anmoins, les villes importantes de cette à ©poque restent denses, il est donc aisà © den dà ©finir les limites et par consà ©quent celles entre ville et campagne. Au 15à ¨ sià ¨cle, Paris est lune des plus grandes villes dEurope, suivit dAnvers. Une France fà ©odale gouvernà ©e par un roi. Dans sa confà ©rence Lenjeu capital(es), les mà ©tropoles de la grande à ©chelle, le paysagiste nà ©erlandais, Adriaan Geuze, voit le Roi de France comme un agriculteur ayant un pied à   terre à   Paris. Lidà ©e de vivre à   la campagne avec une attache en ville. A la Renaissance, la quantità © de chà ¢teaux et de parcs autour des grandes villes de France explose (chà ¢teau de la Loire) avec un rà ©seau de routes qui converge vers la ville principale. Les Rois entretiennent limage de la campagne, de la nature et cette culture paysanne jusque dans les parcs de leurs chà ¢teaux. Cest une culture de la socià ©tà © agricole. [Parc des chà ¢teaux de la Loire] La rà ©volution est un nouveau tournant dans lhistoire de France. Le symbole mà ªme de Marianne reprà ©sentation de la France de cette à ©poque, est une femme, qui pourrait à ªtre paysanne, venant de la ferme, de la France rurale. [Tableau dEugà ¨ne Delacroix, La Libertà © guidant le Peuple (1830).]On peut donc considà ©rer que les valeurs de notre pays (Libertà ©, Egalità ©, Fraternità ©) puisent leurs racines de cette France là  , cette France rurale. Napolà ©on, comme les rois de France, crà ©Ãƒ © un systà ¨me routier sur tout le continent qui converge vers Paris. Arrive alors la premià ¨re percà ©e dans la conception urbaine à   savoir lextension des Champs-Elysà ©es, avec lArc de Triomphe, cest louverture vers lavenir. Cette action a pour bà »t de changer cette mà ©tropole, de louvrir, de crà ©Ãƒ © des liens et de relier la capitale à   la nature. En 1850, Paris est une ville insalubre, sans aucune condition dhygià ¨ne. Une campagne de restructuration de la capitale est lancà ©e, Paris est donc rà ©gie sous un triple mot dordre: Embellir Circuler Assainir. Lenjeu à ©tait de transformer la mà ©tropole conformà ©ment aux thà ©ories hygià ©nistes pour une meilleure circulation de lair et des hommes. Le Baron Haussmann transforme la capitale en 17 ans de travaux ininterrompus. A la fin de ces travaux Paris a changà © de visage. Sur les grands boulevards Haussmanniens on remarque aussi la prà ©sence importante de la nature. [Prà ©sence de nature sur les boulevards] Ces grandes avenues plantà ©es sont relià ©es directement aux parcs et jardins des Rois, và ©ritables icones de la ville, (jardin du Luxembourg, parc Monceau). Les portes des parcs souvrent, la population y pà ©nà ¨tre : cest une nouvelle ville. La peinture va permettre aussi dintà ©grà © une nouvelle image de la nature. Une nature sublimà ©e. Une nature construite qui va changer la perception mà ªme que lon en avait. Les parcs comme le parc des Buttes-Chaumont ou le parc Monceau peuvent donc se dà ©velopper. A la fin du 19e, dà ©but du 20e sià ¨cle, avec les modifications apportà ©es aux villes et laire industrielle, les relations entre la ville et sa campagne se modifient. Loffre demploi dans les grandes villes augmente, les conditions de vie samà ©liorent et les campagnes sont dà ©sertà ©es, cest lexode rural. Les villes connaissent alors un accroissement dà ©mographique sans prà ©cà ©dent. Les moyens de transports deviennent de plus en plus performants. Les villes sà ©tendent donc trà ¨s rapidement sur lespace rural, estompant ainsi les diffà ©rences entre elles. La population des villes augmente, lagriculture diminue ce qui a pour consà ©quence une perte dautonomie alimentaire. Pour rà ©soudre ce manque il a fallut aller chercher la matià ¨re premià ¨re toujours un peu plus loin. A la fin du XXe sià ¨cle rien na changà ©. Avec la mondialisation, ce phà ©nomà ¨ne na cessà © daugmenter et lagriculture souffre dune mauvaise image. Le discours a donc totalement changà ©. Les paysages agricoles ne sont plus imaginà ©s, comme au 19e sià ¨cle, pouvant faire partie de la ville. La nature nest plus conà §ue comme un à ©là ©ment de paysage urbain quon essaie dintà ©grer à   la ville mais un paysage de campagne que lon cherche à   retrouver lorsque le stress de la ville se fait sentir. Dans les annà ©es 80, la ville souffre de mauvaise rà ©putation. Le manque de logements de qualità ©, laugmentation de la criminalità © ont pour effet de faire fuir les classes sociales les plus aisà ©es et les entreprises vers la pà ©riphà ©rie. Ces dernià ¨res annà ©es le phà ©nomà ¨ne sest renforcà ©, un changement de mentalità ©, une prise de conscience environnementale, encourage de plus en plus durbains à   fuir le stress des villes pour sinstaller à   la campagne. La campagne est vue comme un produit. 1.2. Etat actuel du monde rural Lurbanisation continue des villes daujourdhui grignote chaque jour un peu plus les terres cultivables. [Photo de lurbanisation grignotant les terres cultivables]Laugmentation du prix des terrains constructibles nencourage pas le maintient des actività ©s agricoles et rend lagriculture pà ©riurbaine extrà ªmement fragile. De plus, la cohabitation entre agriculteurs et citadins installà ©s en milieu rural devient de plus en plus source de conflits. En effet, la venue de nouvelles habitations sur lespace rural la rurbanisation se traduit souvent par limplantation de maisons dissà ©minà ©es au milieu de parcelles cultivà ©es. Ce phà ©nomà ¨ne conduit rapidement à   lexplosion des terres cultivables, car pour permettre la mà ©canisation, les parcelles ne doivent pas à ªtre trop petites. Une fois divisà ©es, les parcelles encore en culture, nont plus quune vocation, devenir des champs de là ©gumes ou des pà ©pinià ¨res oà ¹ se multiplie les serres agricoles. La rurbanisation met donc les agriculteurs des zones pà ©riurbaines face à   un choix: vendre leurs terres aux nouveaux arrivants ou cesser leurs actività ©s dà ©levage de bovin pour ne faire que de larboriculture, horticulture ou encore de la production de lait, de volailles ou dÅ“ufs. Face au vieillissement et à   lexode, lespace paysan est menacà ©. Des tensions à ©mergent entre rurbains, citadins ne participant pas à   la vie paysanne, et les paysans locaux. Les nà ©o-ruraux les plus aisà ©s se portent acquà ©reurs dà ¨s la mise en vente du moindre bà ¢timent dans lespace rural. Ce qui, à   lorigine, est un espace de travail napparait plus que comme un espace de loisir. Ce phà ©nomà ¨ne se retrouve dans lensemble des zones rurales proches de grandes agglomà ©rations. Prisonnier dun cadre naturel forgà © depuis des gà ©nà ©rations, le monde paysan appartient dorà ©navant au paysage, celui-là   mà ªme que le touriste citadin achà ¨te. ( Bernard DEZERT- les mutations sociales dans lagriculture urbaine) Le fait davoir dà ©valorisà © lagriculture en la considà ©rant comme un vide, un espace de non-ville à   contribuà © à   son exclusion (de la ville et de notre socià ©tà ©). Il est maintenant indispensable de pensà © lagriculture comme un à ©là ©ment constitutif de la ville. Pour ce faire il faut repenser sa forme mà ªme. Lune des formes considà ©rant la ville comme un ensemble despaces bà ¢ti et non bà ¢ti est la ville archipel nous allons donc nous intà ©resser à   la faà §on dont elle amà ©nage le territoire. Mais avant à §a que signifie le terme de ville archipel ? 2. La ville archipel : un amà ©nagement territorial 2.1. Le concept de ville archipel. La ville archipel pose la question de la forme des relations entre lurbanisation et les espaces de nature. Cette question semble à ªtre une question de paysage puisquelle parle des relations entre les espaces, mais cest avant tout une question damà ©nagement du territoire. Une question dà ©chelle dintervention entre le dà ©veloppement urbain et la protection des milieux ainsi que les relations entre eux. La ville archipel est une forme urbaine capable de conjuguer ville et nature. Pour comprendre ce concept de ville archipel il faut inverser notre faà §on de dà ©finir la ville. Il faut considà ©rer la ville comme un ensemble de centralità ©s intercommunale, avec des espaces bà ¢ti (habitat individuel, collectif ou actività ©) et des espaces non bà ¢ti (naturels, agricoles et forestiers).Ces deux types despaces sont articulà ©s entre eux pour sadaptà © au fonctionnement de ce nouveau territoire en conjuguant facilità © de dà ©placement et proximità © dun cadre de vie agrà ©able dont aspire une majorità © de la population. Dans cette logique comme le dit Bertrand FOLLEA : Le village est à   lagglomà ©ration intercommunale ce que le quartier est à   la ville. Lespace agricole ou naturel fait lui aussi parti intà ©grante de la ville, cest lui qui structure lagglomà ©ration. Il a une fonction serte à ©conomique (de production), à ©cologique (biodiversità ©, gestion hydraulique), mais aussi une fonction sociale (paysage, lieu de dà ©tente, circulation douce). La ville archipel pourrait à ªtre caractà ©risà ©e par des à ®les bà ¢ti denses relià ©es entre elles par des espaces de natures ou agricoles entretenu avec une fonction à ©conomique et sociale. 2.2. La gestion de la nature dans la ville archipel 3. Lexemple de larchipel rennaise 3.1. Rennes Capital de la Bretagne. [] 3.2. Rennes : un espace urbain agricole La mise en place du schà ©ma directeur du district de Rennes, à ©laborà © par un paysagiste et par lagence durbanisme local (Audiar)[1] est considà ©rà ©e comme lune des expà ©riences les plus intà ©ressantes des annà ©es 90. Elle a valeur dexemple dans lamà ©nagement franà §ais en raison de la prà ©servation des territoires agricoles et coulà ©es verte entre les bourgs qui se densifient pour crà ©er des pà ´les secondaires. La question du paysage joue un rà ´le moteur dans là ©laboration de ce schà ©ma directeur. Il a conduit au changement de perception de certain acteur sur leurs territoires. La ville de Rennes na pas toujours à ©tait qualifià © de ville archipel, ce nest quen 2004 que cette expression voit le jour. Isabelle Grudet dà ©montre dans son article Le modà ¨le territorial rennais à   là ©preuve de ses images, limportance des images verbales utilisà ©es pour dà ©crire la ville. Avant 2004 lexpression de ceinture verte est couramment utilisà ©e notamment dans Projet urbain 2015[2]. Ce terme laisse entendre que la ville de Rennes est entourà ©e dun espace vert. Or cet espace nest pas và ©ritablement lisible. Cette expression est dailleurs utilisà ©e en association avec le terme d'anneau et de rocade, le vert et les routes ont fonction de limite et de lien entre les espaces de diffà ©rentes dimensions. Carte de synthà ¨se paysagà ¨re / schà ©ma directeur de 1994 En comparent deux images iconique, la vue de synthà ¨se dun paysagiste et la carte du schà ©ma directeur de 1994 on remarque un à ©loignement de la ville classique que la ceinture verte marquà © par la rocade servait à   maintenir à   lintà ©rieur de mur virtuels, et que la ville archipel a fait exploser. On passe de la ceinture verte reprà ©sentà © par la rocade et un rà ©seau routier qui relie les bourgs à   la ville centre ; a une image de ville territoire oà ¹ les diffà ©rents espaces bà ¢tis sont relià ©s entre eux par les à ©là ©ments constitutifs du paysage. Dans la reprà ©sentation paysagà ¨re du modà ¨le rennais proposà © par le paysagiste, la hià ©rarchie entre ville et campagne disparait. Lespace non bà ¢ti est dà ©composà © en plusieurs couleurs, le bà ¢ti reprà ©sentà © en blanc sestompe, ce territoire oà ¹ bourgs et centre ville semblaient à ªtre relià © par de simple routes raccordà ©es à   une rocade, semble maintenant à ©clatà © sur un territoire indà ©fini dont une campagne dà ©sormais complexe vient crà ©er du lien grà ¢ce aux rivià ¨res, parcs et autres à ©là ©ment du paysage. Lidà ©e de ceinture verte a disparue. Cette espace non bà ¢ti, agricole fait lobjet dune discussion entre paysagiste et à ©lus sur le concept des isolement paysage terme apparaissant dans le schà ©ma directeur de 1994. Retranscription de cette discussion,Tirà ©e des cahiers de LAUA n °11 p.105 Paysagiste : Nous proposons de nouveaux termes pour remplacer des terme qui nous semblent rà ©ducteurs. Nous proposons de remplacer isolement paysage par espace agricole de respiration Elu : (Vice prà ©sident de Rennes Mà ©tropole dà ©là ©guà © à   lenvironnement et aux rà ©serves foncià ¨re) Ce sont les espaces irrà ©ductibles. Le Saint Emilion de Rennes. Mais pour ce terme de respiration je me demande sil ne risque pas dà ªtre mal perà §u. Il semble indiquer que lon ne respire pas dans Rennes-centre. Paysagiste : Cest intà ©ressant Elu : Les espace agricoles, ce sont aussi des gens. Les agriculteurs ne sont pas seulement là   pour faire respirer les gens Paysagiste : Cest un concept fort. Le travail a à ©tà © guidà © par lidà ©e de polycentrisme. Ce systà ¨me est volontariste, il faut des concepts forts pour contrer les processus spontanà ©s. Lexpression isolements paysage nest pas positive. Elu : Je suis daccord pour enlever isolement paysage mais lagriculture, je prà ©fà ¨re espace agricole de construction Paysagiste : Oui, il faut rà ©flà ©chir sur ce thà ¨me. Elu (vice-prà ©sident de Rennes Mà ©tropole dà ©là ©guà © aux formes urbaines): Remplacer isolement paysage par espace de respiration est une bonne idà ©e, mais il faut la revoir Elu : Cest bien, on est arrivà © à   hià ©rarchiser les choses Mais il y a quand mà ªme ce truc de la respiration Moi, je dirais simplement agriculture pà ©riurbaine. Paysagiste : Oui, mais à   quoi renvoie le terme de pà ©riurbain Elu (Vice prà ©sident de Rennes Mà ©tropole dà ©là ©guà © à   lenvironnement et aux rà ©serves foncià ¨re) : Et pourquoi pas espace agricole urbain. Cela permet de ne pas faire apparaà ®tre les agriculteurs comme les derniers des Mohicans Lexpression vient dapparaà ®tre. Elle sera là ©gà ¨rement modifià ©e par un à ©lu, pour donnà ©e le terme final d'espace urbain agricole. Selon un à ©lu ce terme a la capacità © de crà ©er un choc, aussi bien chez les agriculteurs que chez les urbains, qui pourrait pousser à   laction. En effet cette espace agricole urbain participe à   là ©conomie et à   lattractività © du Pays de Rennes. Il est entretenu par 1400 exploitations agricoles qui mettent en valeur 63 000 ha de surfaces agricoles. En choisissant le terme de ville archipel les à ©lus ont fait le choix dun amà ©nagement du territoire qui laisse une large place à   lespace agricole et naturel entre les diffà ©rents pà ´les durbanisations. Cette gestion du territoire, qui place lagriculture au cÅ“ur de la ville, approuvà © et confortà © par le SCoT permet damà ©liorer le cadre de vie des habitants avec la prà ©sence dune campagne bocagà ¨re à   proximità ©, travaillà ©e par lagriculture. Mais la proximità © de la ville et de lespace agricole ajoute des contraintes qui peuvent fragiliser leur à ©quilibre à ©conomique, laugmentation du foncier produit par une ville dynamique, la cohabitation conflictuel entre citadin et agriculteurs et les dà ©placements difficiles En revanche cette proximità © de la ville permet à   lagriculture de se diversifier en fournissant un marchà © local et en proposant des services. En considà ©rant comme ville lespace bà ¢ti et lespace non-bà ¢ti, les à ©lus se doivent de travaillà ©s en à ©troite collaboration avec les agriculteurs, afin doffrir un meilleur cadre de vie permettant le dà ©veloppement de cette à ©conomie. Dans cette optique, lassociation partenariale entre agglomà ©ration et la chambre dagriculture a permis la crà ©ation de lassociation Terre en ville oà ¹ sà ©change les expà ©riences sur les espaces agricoles pà ©riurbains franà §ais. 3.3. Le programme local de lagriculture, pour une agriculture en cÅ“ur darchipel. En 2008, un accord-cadre est passà © entre la chambre dagriculture, la SAFER Bretagne, Rennes Mà ©tropole et le Pays de Rennes pour coordonner les actions et dà ©finir les conditions de leur mise en Å“uvre. Le programme local de lagriculture soumet cinq thà ¨mes de travail : Echanger autour dun observatoire de lagriculture. Concilier urbanisme, foncier et agriculture Confortà © le bocage dans ses multiples rà ´les Sadapter au nouveau contexte à ©nergà ©tique et climatique Renfoncer les liens entre les citadins et les agriculteurs. La mise en place dun observatoire de lagriculture du Pays de Rennes, qui publiera un bulletin chaque annà ©e a pour rà ´le de faire partager une vision actualisà ©e de la dynamique agricole du territoire entre les diffà ©rents acteurs agricoles et territoriaux. Les thà ¨mes traità ©s par le programme local de lAgriculture sont : foncier et urbanisme, environnement, lien citadins-agriculture. Pour que la ville archipel fonctionne, il faut que lactività © agricole soit forte. Des actions foncià ¨res sont misent en place pour maintenir cette actività © et permettre une meilleur lisibilità © de lespace rà ©servà © à   lagriculture dans les projets urbains. En 2005 la SAFER Bretagne et Rennes Mà ©tropole passent une convention visant une politique danticipation foncià ¨re et de recherche des terres de compensation pour les exploitants agricoles dont les terres sont rà ©cupà ©rà ©es par les projets urbains. Grace à   ces compensations il est possible de regrouper les parcelles autour des bà ¢timents agricoles, se qui amà ©liore les performances à ©conomique et à ©nergà ©tique des exploitations, en limitant les dà ©placements dengin, en rationnalisant les systà ¨mes de fourrage Lagriculture doit à ªtre traità © dans les PLU comme une priorità © car cest elle qui structure lespace communal. Des rà ©flexions sur la prise en compte de lagriculture dans les PLU ont à ©taient engagà ©es, elles dà ©boucheront sur la mise en place de nouvelles mà ©thodes et la rà ©daction de recommandations à   lattention des municipalità ©s, des techniciens et urbanistes ainsi que des acteurs agricoles. La proximità © de la ville et des actività ©s agricoles pose quelques problà ¨mes, notamment pour des questions de dà ©placements, lagriculture provoque des dà ©placements de matià ¨re et dengins agricole qui on du mal à   cohabiter avec la circulation urbaine. Les plans communaux de dà ©placement des PLU ont en charge didentifier les secteurs oà ¹ le dà ©placement dengin agricole est le plus problà ©matique. Ce qui permet aux communes dintà ©grer dans leurs projets des solutions ou des alternatives. Le paysage rennais se caractà ©rise par la prà ©sence de bocages. Si ces à ©là ©ment du paysage font dà ©sormais partie du patrimoine paysagà © de la rà ©gion, leurs rà ´les est multiples. Ils permettent la rà ©gulation des eaux, prà ©servent la biodiversità ©, offre de lombre pour les troupeaux, ont un rà ´le agronomique et peuvent à ªtre perà §u comme à ©nergie renouvelable. De plus les cheminements largement accessibles offrent aux citadins des espaces de dà ©tente à   la campagne, et permet ainsi de limiter le dà ©membrement des parcelles agricoles pour des zones de loisirs. Mais lentretient de ces haies revient essentiellement aux agriculteurs et les charges pour cette entretient deviennent de plus en plus lourdes du fait de lagrandissement des parcelles. Le programme local de lagriculture prose de redonnà © de la valeur à ©conomique à   lentretient moderne du bocage. Afin de sadapter au nouveau contexte à ©nergà ©tique et climatique, Rennes-Mà ©tropole met en place son plan à ©nergie-climat pour à ©tudier les moyens de rà ©duire la production de gaz à   effet de serre. En effet lagriculture et lagroalimentaire est extrà ªmement consommatrice dà ©nergies fossiles il est donc essentiel de rà ©flà ©chir à   des solutions pour limiter cette consommation, la mise en place dà ©nergie renouvelable tel que la biomasse, là ©olien ou le solaire. De plus lentretient des haies bocagà ¨res peut permettre là ©mergence dune filià ¨re bois-à ©nergie. Une filià ¨re en dà ©veloppement dans la rà ©gion tant chez les particuliers que pour les à ©quipements publics. Lagriculture a la charge des espaces agricoles et naturels de la ville archipel. Se sont les agriculteurs qui faà §onnent lespace et le cadre de vie. Malgrà © limportance de lagriculture pour le dà ©veloppement de la mà ©tropole, les agriculteurs ne sont plus reconnus. Les citadins qui ont le dà ©sir de cette campagne connaissent mal les actività ©s agricoles daujourdhui. Ils ne perà §oivent que les aspects nà ©gatifs de la profession et les gà ªnes engendrà ©es. Mais il en va de mà ªme pour les agriculteurs qui ne comprennent pas forcà ©ment les enjeux urbains. Pour que lagriculture soit và ©ritablement intà ©grà ©e à   la ville il faut quelle soit comprise de tous et pour à §a un travail dinformation doit à ªtre fait. Ce devoir dinformation doit se faire pour le grand public, mais aussi entre les diffà ©rents acteurs (à ©lus locaux, agriculteurs, techniciens) Pour faire passà © le message au plus grand nombre, le Pays de Rennes lance un à ©comusà ©e oà ¹ lon retrouve la mà ©moire rural du pays de Rennes, mais qui surtout pose les questions sur là ©volution de lagriculture local contemporaine. Depuis dà ©jà   quelque temps, le regain dintà ©rà ªt pour une agriculture seine, permet le dà ©veloppement ou le redà ©veloppement des circuits courts comme le marchà © traditionnel mais aussi des mà ©thodes plus innovantes tel la vente de panier, la cueillette à   la ferme ou encore les AMAP (association pour le maintient dune agriculture paysanne), la vente par internet Ces nouvelles filià ¨res permettent de rapprocher lagriculteur du consommateur, mais aussi donnà ©e la possibilità © aux agriculteurs de se diversifier en proposant de nouvelles actività © comme laccueil à   la ferme, lagrotourisme, les fermes pà ©dagogiques, mais aussi de proposà © des services comme lentretient des espace naturels ou des chemins de randonnà ©es, et en collaboration avec la collectività © pour le co-compostage ou la gestion des boues dà ©puration. 3.4. Les AMAP Carte des AMAP du pays de Rennes Voila ce que prà ©conisà © en 2008 le Programme local de lagriculture. Mais comment se sont traduites ces recommandations dans les projets urbains de la mà ©tropole rennaise ? Afin dà ©tudier cette question nous allons nous pencher sur deux projets rà ©alisà ©s à   Rennes a savoir la ZAC de la Courouze et celle de Beauregard, ainsi que dans la ville de Saint-Jacques-de-la-lande. 4. Exemples de projets rennais 4.1. Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande est une commune à   cinq kilomà ¨tres des premiers faubourgs de Rennes. Cest au centre de la commune que se construit une nouvelle ville de 8 000 habitants. Un projet qui pourrait surprendre à   une à ©poque oà ¹ lextension des pà ©riphà ©ries se ralentie fortement. Cette ville a longtemps à ©chappà ©e à   lurbanisation du fait de la prà ©sence sur son territoire de nombreuses installations militaires. Le maire, Daniel Delaveau a toujours fait preuve de dà ©termination pour mener son projet à   terme. Des les annà ©es 70 il commence lacquisition progressive de tous les terrains du secteur. Durant 7 ans il se bat avec les services de lEtat et du dà ©partement pour que la route de Redon ( 2 fois 2 voies ) ne soit pas une voies expresse mais un boulevard urbain reliant un nouveau quartier. Il pose un point dhonneur à   la conservation du paysage qui fabrique sa ville, en souhaitant la prà ©servation dun atout majeur du site, les prairies bocagà ¨res. En 1992 la ville lance un concours durbanisme pour le nouveau centre de Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande. Il est remportà © par Jean-Pierre Pranlas-Descours en association avec les paysagistes Christophe Delmar et Anne-Sylvie Bruel. En 1994 le projet est formalisà © dans le plan directeur gà ©nà ©ral qui fixe les principes urbains, paysagà ©s et architecturaux. Le paysage dans lequel simplante le nouveau centre ville de Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande nest pas des plus remarquables, il ne possà ¨de pas và ©ritablement dà ©là ©ments marquant le paysage. Une topographie douce, sans trop daccident, ni de dà ©nivelà ©. Et pourtant de toutes les communes environnantes cest elle qui a le mieux conservà © sont hà ©ritage rural, des grandes à ©tendues herbeuses en là ©gà ¨re pente, des haies bocagà ¨re pour dà ©limiter les anciennes proprià ©tà ©s des à ©là ©ments peut perceptibles mais qui valorisà ©es peuvent permettre dancrer le nouveau quartier dans son territoire.[] 4.2. La ZAC de la Courrouze 4.3. La ZAC Beauregard 5. Autres exemples 5.1. Lexemple de plateau de Saclay. 5.1.1- Historique du plateau de Saclay. Le plateau de Saclay a connu de nombreux changements au cours de son histoire. Avant le XVIIe sià ¨cle le plateau nà ©tait quune immense plaine marà ©cageuse. Ces marà ©cages limitaient lagriculture à   une pratique traditionnelle et anarchique. A la fin du XVIIe sià ¨cle, les à ©tangs infà ©rieurs du plateau de Saclay ont servi à   une partie de lalimentation en eau du chà ¢teau de Versailles. Depuis cette à ©poque les eaux pluviales du plateau sont drainà ©es en son centre dans un à ©tang situà © entre Saclay et Villeras. Suite à   ce rà ©seau de drainage le plateau devient, un sià ¨cle plus tard, parmi les plus fertiles de la rà ©gion parisienne et permet une agriculture plus intensive. On y produisait de lavoine, du seigle, de lorge et du blà © sur une surface de mille trois cent cinquante hectares destinà © exclusivement au seul marchà © parisien. Lagriculture sintensifient et se diversifient, elle se modernise jusquà   devenir progressivement une agriculture dite scientifique. De plus en plus dorganismes de recherche agronomique sinstallent sur le plateau, elles aident les agriculteurs à   acquà ©rir des connaissances et à   amà ©liorer leur rendement. Mais limplantation sur le plateau de Saclay de ces nombreux organismes accà ©là ¨re son urbanisation de faà §on exponentielle. Le plateau nest plus reconnu pour ses excellentes terres cultivables, mais devient lun des cinq premiers centres denvergure europà ©enne frà ©quentà © par plus de trente mille physiciens, chercheurs ou autres ingà ©nieurs. Au cours du XXe sià ¨cle, le plateau de Saclay perd sa dimension paysagà ¨re et apparaà ®t comme une zone rurale sans grand intà ©rà ªt. Les auteurs de là ©poque ny voient quune vaste à ©tendu monotone et austà ¨re dominà ©e par une agriculture moderne et productive dà ©pourvu de tout pittoresque. Depuis 1945, lotissements, installations industrielles, aà ©rodromes continuent à   sà ©tendre sur dexcellentes terres à   culture. Un des exemples les plus caractà ©ristiques est celui du Centre de recherche de Saclay ; on a sacrifià © là   des terres qui comptaient parmi les meilleures de la banlieue parisienne pour à ©courter les dà ©placements de techniciens habitant Paris. (M. Phillipponneau) Le plateau de Saclay est dà ©sormais caractà ©risà © par son centre dà ©tude nuclà ©aire, il devient le plateau de la matià ¨re grise, un haut lieu de la science franà §aise. Il est dà ©sormais cà ©là ¨bre pour ces à ©quipements scientifiques de pointes. Jusqua la fin des annà ©es soixante-dix ces à ©quipements scientifique à ©taient perà §ues positivement par le grand public cette actività © permis douvrir le plateau de Saclay sur lextà ©rieur et le fit reconnaitre. Mais il à ©tait essentiellement connu pour cette actività © et son paysage à ©tait perà §u comme un pa